Biography of a coal miner

People have feigned as coal miners for centuries, but they became increasingly supervisor during the Industrial Revolution as coal was burnt on clean large scale to fuel motionless and locomotive engines and warmness buildings. Owing to coal's diplomatic role as a primary fodder, coal miners have figured strappingly in labor and political movements since that time.

After probity late 19th-century coal miners quantity many countries were a regular presence in industrial disputes business partner both the management and decide. Coal miners' politics, while perplexing, has occasionally been radical, reach a frequent leaning towards far-left political views. A number commentary far-left political movements have esoteric the support of both fragment miners themselves and their profession unions, particularly in Great Kingdom.

In France, on the attention hand, coal miners have bent much more conservative. In Bharat, Coal Miners Day is famous on May 4.

Radicalism

From grandeur mid-19th century onward, coal miners have often built strong contact with the organized labor momentum, and sometimes as well angst radical political movements.

Coal miners were among the first accumulations of industrial workers to together organize to the protection show both working and social get along in their communities. Beginning fall to pieces the 19th century, and undying through the 20th, coal miners unions became powerful in diverse countries, the miners becoming leading of left or socialist movements (as in Britain, Poland, Nihon, Canada, Chile and (in integrity 1930s) in the U.S.)^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} Historians report that, "From the Decennium through the end of leadership twentieth century, coal miners glance the world became one all but the most militant segments retard the working class in depiction industrialized world."^[7]

The statistics show delay from 1889 to 1921 Island miners struck between 2 advocate 3 times more frequently facing any other group of workers.^[8] Some isolated coal fields abstruse long traditions of militancy be proof against violence; those in Scotland were especially strike-prone.^[9] Coal miners au fait the core of the state left wing of the Effort Party and the British Socialist party.

In Germany, the combust miners demonstrated their militancy go over large-scale strikes in 1889, 1905, and 1912. However, in administrative terms, the German miners were middle-of-the-road and not especially fundamental. One reason was the make a recording of different unions—Socialist, liberal, essential, and Polish—that seldom cooperated.^[10]

In Country Columbia, Canada, the coal miners were "independent, tough, and proud" and became "among the ascendant radical and militant laborers coop up an extremely polarized province." They were the core of position socialist movement; their strikes were frequent, long, and bitter.^[11]

In Chilly in the 1930s and Decennium, the miners supported the Politician Party as part of organized cross-class alliance that won rendering presidency in 1938, 1942, mushroom 1946.

The long-run political booty were illusory, as a important strike in 1947 was bridled by the military on at once of the president the miners had elected.^[12]

In Eastern Europe interpretation coal miners were the ascendant politicized element in society astern 1945. They were the chief support group for the Politico governments and were heavily fund.

Poland's miners were also ponderous consequential supporters of the anti-Communist Unanimity movement of the 1980s.^[13]

Great Britain

Pre 1900

Although some deep mining took place as early as distinction late Tudor period in Boreal East England, and roughly authority same time in the Dynasty period along the Firth refer to Forth coast of Scotland, abyssal shaft mining in Britain began to develop extensively in honourableness late 18th century, with prompt expansion throughout the 19th c and early 20th century during the time that the industry peaked.

The swarm of the coalfields helped cope with make the prosperity of Lancashire, of Yorkshire, and of Southbound Wales; the Yorkshire pits which supplied Sheffield were only draw near to 300 feet deep. Northumberland boss Durham were the leading humate producers and they were glory sites of the first broad pits. In much of Kingdom coal was worked from meander mines, or scraped off considering that it outcropped on the exterior.

Small groups of part-time miners used shovels and primitive paraphernalia.

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After 1790 output soared, movement 16 million long tons overtake 1815. By 1830 this esoteric risen to over 30 heap tons^[14] The miners, less menaced by imported labor or machines than were the textile work force cane, had begun to form production unions and fight their fight for control against the humate owners and royalty-lessees.

In Southernmost Wales, the miners showed on the rocks high degree of solidarity. They lived in isolated villages hoop the miners comprised the unmitigated majority of workers. There was a high degree of equivalence in lifestyle; combined with image evangelical religious style based go through with a finetooth comb Methodism this led to make illegal ideology of equalitarianism.

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They forged a "community of solidarity" – under the leadership carry out the Miners Federation. The combination supported first the Liberal Outfit, then after 1918 Labour, submit some Communist Party activism drowsy the fringes.^[15]

20th century

As well whilst energy supply, coal became fastidious very political issue, due come to get the conditions under which colliers worked.

Their dominance in distant villages heightened political and mercantile solidarily, colliery owners. Much disagree with the 'old Left' of Country politics can trace its early stages to coal-mining areas, with loftiness main trade union being justness Miners' Federation of Great Kingdom (MFGB), founded in 1888. Honourableness MFGB claimed 600,000 members spitting image 1908.

(The MFGB later became the more centralised National Wholeness accord of Mineworkers).

The national fragment strike of 1912 was position first national strike by fragment miners in Britain. Its principal goal of securing a wage. After a million joe public had walked out for 37 days, the UK Government intervened and ended the strike vulgar passing a minimum wage law.^[16] This caused many problems touch ships due to the want of fuel.

As a emulsion, many transatlantic crossings were disappointing and in some cases, transport were transferred to the Titanic.^[17]

1920–45

Total coal output in Britain abstruse been falling since 1914.^[18]

• The tumble in coal prices resulted bring forth the re-entry in 1925 insensible Germany to the international burn market by exporting "free coal" to France and Italy kind part of their reparations engage in the First World War.
• The presentation of the gold standard bed 1925 made the British pulsate too strong for effective commerce to take place from Kingdom, and also (because of justness economic processes involved in conservation a strong currency) raised sphere rates, hurting all businesses.
• Mine owners wanted to normalize profits securely during times of economic roughness, which often took the revolutionize of wage reductions for miners in their employ.

  Coupled trusty the prospect of longer excavation hours, the industry was horrified into disarray.

• The miners' pay esoteric gone down from £6.00 occasion £3.90 in the space systematic seven years.

Mine owners announced their intention to reduce miners' takehome pay. The MFGB rejected the terms: "Not a penny off say publicly pay, not a minute miscellany the day." The TUC responded to this news by be imminent to support the miners in vogue their dispute.

The Conservative control under Stanley Baldwin decided reach intervene, declaring that they would provide a nine-month subsidy agree to maintain the miners' wages have a word with that a royal commission out of the sun the chairmanship of Sir Musician Samuel would look into excellence problems of the mining drudgery.

This decision became known hoot "Red Friday" because it was seen as a victory on the way to working-class solidarity and Socialism.

Do practice, the subsidy gave leadership mine owners and the control time to prepare for precise major labor dispute. Herbert Sculpturer (a leader of the Miners' Federation) said of this event: "We have no need give explanation glorify about victory. It anticipation only an armistice."

The Prophet Commission published a report reveal 10 March 1926 recommending ditch in the future, national agreements, the nationalization of royalties, ride sweeping reorganization and improvement be compelled be considered for the production industry.^[19] It also recommended swell reduction of 13.5% of miners' wages along with the rescission of the government subsidy.^[20] weeks later, the prime itinerary announced that the government would accept the report provided attention parties also did.^[21] A earlier royal commission, the Sankey Court case in 1919, had failed be introduced to reach an agreement, producing pair different reports with proposals overall from complete restoration of hidden ownership and control, to intact nationalization.

David Lloyd George, nobility then prime minister, offered organisation, which was rejected by description miners.^[22]

After the Samuel Commission's statement, the mine owners declared wander, on penalty of a oddity from 1 May, miners would have to accept new language of employment that included sweep the work day and reaction wages between 10% and 25%, depending on various factors.

Decency MFGB refused the wage reducing and regional negotiation.

The 1926 United Kingdom general strike was a general strike that lasted nine days, from 4 Possibly will 1926 to 13 May 1926. It was called by integrity Trades Union Congress (TUC) patent an unsuccessful attempt to calling the British government to stint to prevent wage reduction person in charge worsening conditions for 800,000 locked-out coal miners.

Some 1.7 trillion workers went out, especially disintegrate transport and heavy industry. Authority government was prepared and enlisted middle-class volunteers to maintain authentic services. There was little mightiness and the TUC gave tear apart in defeat. The miners gained nothing. In the long jog, there was little impact defect trade-union activity or industrial relations.^[23]

The miners maintained resistance for adroit few months before being contrived by their own economic desires to return to the mines.

By the end of Nov most miners were back dubious work. However, many remained disengaged for many years. Those make certain were employed were forced bolster accept longer hours, lower emolument, and district wage agreements. Depiction strikers felt as though they had achieved nothing. The discontinuation on the British coal-mining sweat was profound.

By the accumulation 1930s, employment in mining difficult to understand fallen by more than tierce from its pre-strike peak model 1.2 million miners, but fecundity had rebounded from under Cardinal tons produced per miner phizog over 300 tons by grandeur outbreak in 1939 of class Second World War.^[24]

Since 1945

Main article: Coal mining in the Allied Kingdom

All the coal mines set in motion Britain were purchased by description government in 1947 and instructive under the control of glory National Coal Board (NCB).

Ethics industry declined steadily despite protests such as the UK miners' strike (1984–1985). The 1980s enthralled 1990s saw much change overlook the coal industry, with denationalization, the industry contracting, in tedious areas quite drastically. Many pits were considered uneconomic^[25] to preventable at then current wage weigh down compared to cheap North The deep oil and gas, and sentence comparison to subsidy levels organize Europe.

The NCB employed by 700,000 people in 1950 sit 634,000 in 1960, but consecutive governments reduced the size catch the industry by closing geographically impaired or low productivity pits. Closures were originally concentrated disintegrate Scotland, but then moved jolt North East England, Lancashire, take precedence South Wales in the Decade.

Closures in all coalfields began in the 1980s as give rise to for British coal was injured by large subsidies that subsequent European governments gave to their coal industries (West Germany subsidized coal by four times primate much and France by match up times as much in 1984) and the availability of mute cost, often open-cast, coal powerful in Australia, Colombia, Poland careful the United States.

The NCB saw three major national strikes. The 1972 and 1974 strikes were both over pay flourishing both saw success for character National Union of Mineworkers. Influence miners' strike of 1984–1985 distraught in victory for the Rightist government of Margaret Thatcher mushroom is still bitterly resented just the thing some parts of Britain prowl suffered from the aftermath wheedle pit closures.

In popular civility this is reflected in Team up Elliot the Musical, a blow play based on the 2000 film Billy Elliot.

British Ember (the new name for honesty national Coal Board), was privatised by selling off a bulky number of pits to unauthorized concerns through the mid-1990s. By reason of of exhausted seams and lofty prices the mining industry wayward adrift almost completely, despite the bigot protests of some miners.^[26]

In 2008, the South Wales Valleys remain deep pit mine closed become infected with the loss of 120 jobs.

The coal was exhausted.^[27] Nation coal mines employed only 4,000 workers at 30 locations arrangement 2013, extracting 13 million tonnes of coal.^[28]

West Europe

Belgium

Belgium took magnanimity lead in the industrial gyration on the continent, and began large scale coal mining compete by the 1820s using Nation made methods.

Industrialisation took brace in Wallonia (French speaking grey Belgium), starting in the psyche of the 1820s, and singularly after 1830. The availability bring into the light cheap coal was a primary factor that attracted entrepreneurs. Many works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling suggest rolling mills were built bundle the coal mining areas worry Liège and Charleroi.

The luminous entrepreneur was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill. His factories finish equal Seraing integrated all stages indifference production, from engineering to nobleness supply of raw materials, introduce early as 1825. By 1830 when iron became important distinction Belgium coal industry had well along been established, and used steam-engines for pumping.

Coal was vend to local mills and railways as well as to Writer and Prussia.^[29]

Germany

The first important Germanic mines appeared in the 175, in the valleys of prestige rivers Ruhr, Inde and Wurm where coal seams outcropped essential horizontal adit mining was feasible. After 1815 entrepreneurs in Belgique launched the Industrial Revolution contract the Continent by opening mines and associated iron smelters.

Underside Germany (Prussia), the Ruhr Substitute coalfields opened in the 1830s. Railroads were built around 1850 and numerous small industrial centres sprang up, focused on ironworks, using local coal. The recurrent output of a mine squash up 1850 was about 8,500 therefore tons; its employment about 64. By 1900, the average mine's output had risen to 280,000 and the employment to watch 1,400.^[30] The miners in loftiness German areas were divided emergency ethnicity (with Germans and Poles), by religion (Protestants and Catholics) and by politics (Socialist, open and Communist).

Mobility in ground out of the mining camps to nearby industrial areas was high. The miners split reply several unions, with an relationship kin to a political party. Hoot a result, the socialist oneness (affiliated with the Social Republican Party) competed with Catholic humbling Communist unions until 1933, like that which the Nazis took over perimeter of them.

After 1945 honesty socialists came to the fore.^[31]

Netherlands

Until the middle of the Nineteenth century coal mining in nobleness Netherlands was limited to goodness direct surroundings of Kerkrade. Nobility use of steam engines enabled exploitation of deeper lying humate seams to the west.

Unconfirmed 1800 mineworkers were organised get the message small companies who exploited put in order seam. In the twentieth c the mining companies grew bulky. The Roman Catholic church alertly engaged through Henricus Andreas Poels in the creation of graceful Roman Catholic miners trade singleness, to prevent the growing substance of socialism.

Starting in 1965 coal mines were dismantled, initiated by social democrat minister Joop den Uyl and with disobedient support of the catholic dealing union leader Frans Dohmen. In good health 1974 the last coal assess was closed, which led follow a line of investigation large unemployment in the region.^[32]

France

French miners were slow to continue themselves.

When they did unbalance, they avoided strikes if imaginable. They placed their faith overfull the national government to upsurge their lot through special legislating, and were careful to fleece moderate. Miner organizations were dithering by internal difficulties, but they were all hostile to manipulate strikes.

The 1830s saw strikes, but they were not fairyed godmother by the labor unions; to some extent they were spontaneous complaints counter the unity of the owners. Zeldin says, "The miners were clearly backward looking, yearning nostalgically for the days of blue blood the gentry small un-mechanized mines, run note by distant engineers but brush aside gang leaders chosen of nobility men themselves."^[33] It was marvellous failed strike in 1869 go off undermined one new union.

Unity leadership insisted the best code was to seek gradual improvements through lobbying for national lawmaking. By 1897 there were frequent very small independent mining unions, that together comprised only top-hole small fraction of the miners. When new mines opened absolve in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais, leadership passed to their unions, which also pursued a exchange policy.^[34][35]

United States

Coal mining in high-mindedness 19th century

Miners in remote burn camps were often dependent take on the company store, a depository that miners had to join in matrimony because they were often engender a feeling of only in company scrip assistant coal scrip, redeemable at glory store, which often charged betterquality prices than other stores.

Indefinite miners' homes were also eminent by the mines. Although close by were company towns that marvellous the prices of all estate and made eviction a unbroken threat, these conditions were jumble the norm for all burn towns—some owners were paternalistic unthinkable others were exploitative.^[36]

Social structure

Coal was typically mined in remote areas, often mountainous.

The miners fleeting in crude housing provided predicament low cost by the companies, and shopped in company clause. There were few amenities, direct few alternative industries besides illustriousness railroads and saloons. The coal mines of Pennsylvania were celebrated by large railroads, and managed by bureaucrats. Scranton was certified the center.^[37] Bituminous mines were locally owned.

The social formula revolved not so much joist occupation (nearly all inhabitants were blue collar workers with literal incomes) but on ethnicity. Welch and English miners had description highest prestige and the blow out of the water jobs, followed by the Irish.^[38] At a lower status clear-cut recent immigrants from Italy settle down Eastern Europe; recent arrivals reject the Appalachian hills were discount status.

The ethnic groups would stick together, seldom mingling. Blacks were sometimes brought in brand strike breakers. There was roughly machinery apart from the twist someone\'s arm. Before mechanization began about 1910 the miners relied on rude force, pick-axe, hand drills subject dynamite to smash lumps refer to coal out of the fold, and shovel them into mule-drawn carts that hauled it throw up the weighing station, and nobleness railroad cars.

The culture restricted physical courage in high interrupt. Boxing was the favored cart. Opportunities for women were predetermined, until textile companies after 1900 started opening small factories kick up a fuss the larger coal towns tot up employ women. Religion was rank high regard, as each order was fiercely loyal to betrayal denomination.

Schooling was limited. Illustriousness aspiration of the boys was to get a job segment around the mines until they were old enough to get something done underground as "real" miners.^[39][40]

Segundo, River was a company town ring the CF&I coal company housed its workers.

It offered full housing and promoted upward movement through its sponsorship of dexterous YMCA Center, elementary school, captivated some small businesses, as come off as a company store. Nonetheless air pollution was a devoted health threat; the houses wanted indoor plumbing. As demand fetch metallurgical coke declined, the assess laid off workers and Segundo's population declined.

After a bigger fire in 1929, CF&I omitted town and Segundo became very nearly a ghost town.^[41]

Company store

Main article: Company store

A company store was typical in more isolated areas. It was company owned nearby sold a limited range describe food, clothing and daily fundamentals to employees of a associates.

It is typical of capital company town in a removed area where virtually everyone levelheaded employed by one firm, much as the coal mine. Bind a company town, the cover is owned by the troop but there may be unrestricted stores there or nearby. Cast list stores face little or cack-handed competition and prices are then not competitive.

The store regularly accepts "scrip" or non-cash vouchers issued by the company contain advance of weekly cash paychecks, and gives credit to lecturers before payday.

Fishback finds that:

The company store is sharpen of the most reviled avoid misunderstood of economic institutions.

Instruction song, folktale, and union eloquence the company store was regularly cast as a villain, capital collector of souls through unending debt peonage. Nicknames, like picture "pluck me" and more improper versions that cannot appear fulfil a family newspaper, seem endorse point to exploitation. The attitudes carry over into the learned literature, which emphasizes that nobility company store was a monopoly."^[42]

The stores served numerous functions, much as a locus for rank government post office, and since the cultural, and community emotions where people could freely gather.^[43] Company stores became scarce provision the miners bought automobiles arm could travel to a supernatural of stores.

Safety and infirmity in the mines

Being a labourer in the 19th century done on purpose long hours of continuous work flat out labor in the dark mines with low ceilings. Accidents were frequent. Young boys were lax outside the mine to collection coal from rocks; they were not allowed underground until remove 18.

The breathing of fragment dust caused black lung, whose effects few miners knew would have on their bodies.^[44]

20th century

Prosperity 1897–1919

Main article: Coal Strike prescription 1902

The United Mine Workers (UMWA) had won a sweeping deed in an 1897 strike saturate the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, winning superlative wage increases and growing deprive 10,000 to 115,000 members.^[45] Blue blood the gentry UAW faced much stiffer comparison in the concentration of marker in the small anthracite go missing.

The owners, controlled by unprofessional railroads, refused to meet most uptodate to arbitrate with the union; the union struck in Sept 1900, with results that unprepared even the union, as miners of all different nationalities walked out in support of blue blood the gentry union.

In the Coal Punch of 1902 the UMW targeted the anthracite coal fields blond eastern Pennsylvania.

Miners were chaos strike asking for higher payoff, shorter workdays and the make your mark of their union. The storm out threatened to shut down class winter fuel supply to deteriorate major cities (homes and compartments were heated with anthracite want "hard" coal because it esoteric higher heat value and genuine smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal).

President Theodore Roosevelt became involved and set up skilful fact-finding commission that suspended probity strike. The strike never resumed, as the miners received enhanced pay for fewer hours; greatness owners got a higher musing for coal, and did put together recognize the union as on the rocks bargaining agent. It was magnanimity first labor episode in which the federal government intervened rightfully a neutral arbitrator.^[46]

Between 1898 at an earlier time 1908 the wages of burn miners, both in the bituminous and anthracite districts had binate.

Business leaders, led by greatness National Civic Federation, and state leaders such as Mark Hanna worked with the miners unification on favorable terms. Nash log that the coal operators apothegm that it was to loftiness advantage to support the joining policy of uniform wage amounts, for it prevented cutthroat meet and falling prices.

The UMW limited the propensity of miners to go on wildcat strikes.^[47]

The UMW under its new countrified leader John L. Lewis labelled a strike for November 1, 1919 in all soft (bituminous) coal fields. They had impressive to a wage agreement offer run until the end misplace World War I and having an important effect sought to capture some nominate their industry's wartime gains.

Magnanimity Federal government invoked the wartime measure that made it top-notch crime to interfere with rendering production or transportation of requirements. Ignoring the court order 400,000 coal workers walked out. Distinction coal operators played the constitutional card, saying Lenin and Revolutionist had ordered the strike pole were financing it, and brutally of the press echoed delay language.^[48]

Lewis, facing criminal charges person in charge sensitive to the propaganda get-up-and-go, withdrew his strike call.

Writer did not fully control integrity faction-ridden UAW and many locals ignored his call.^[49] As say publicly strike dragged on into close-fitting third week, supplies of honourableness nation's main fuel were handling low and the public entitled for ever stronger government je ne sais quoi. Final agreement came after cinque weeks with the miners obtaining ancestry a 14% raise, far tedious than they wanted.^[50]

The UMW was weakened by internal factionalism look the 1920s and lost associates.

Oil was replacing coal little the nation's main energy make happen and the industry was endangered. The number of coal miners nationwide fell from a apex of 694,000 in 1919 come to get 602,000 in 1929, and floor sharply to 454,000 in 1939 and 170,000 in 1959.^[51]

Canada

Between 1917 and 1926 Cape Breton ember towns changed from company towns to labor towns, reflecting span change in the local surfeit of power.

The main oneness, the Amalgamated Mine Workers break into Nova Scotia, started in 1917 and won union recognition, device increases, and the eight-hour offering. The union mobilized its voters and took control of metropolitan councils. They challenged coal companies on the use of categorize police and assessment of customs. The most dramatic change was the town council's success tutor in restricting the authority of decency company police, who had usually served as special, unpaid quarter police officers.

The town councils also intervened in the rivalry of the 1920s, assisting rectitude miners against the British Corporation Steel Corporation's wage-cutting.^[52]

The Amalgamated became Communist-led in the 1930s extract promoted militancy, extreme rank-and-file self-determination and radical resistance to go out with demands for wage cuts.

Mid the Second World War, make sure of the Soviet Union was invaded by Germany in 1941 authority union overnight became intense prominent of the war effort, build up maximum output of coal. Primacy rank and file miners, subdue, were primarily interested in repossession lost income, and began slow-downs to force the company register pay higher wages.

When payoff did go up, output film as absenteeism increased and character younger men left for better-paying factory jobs, and the spare men resisted any speedup. Position union leaders were unable check in control a dissatisfied and belligerent work force, as the miners fought both the company with their own union leaders.^[53]

The public unity and radicalism of char miners has traditionally been explained in terms of the quarantine of a homogeneous mass disregard workers in conditions of reduced and cultural deprivation.

However neighbourhood studies in Nova Scotia well-known that mechanizing the mines gave miners significant control over clandestine operations. In addition, the accommodative nature of the work enabled the miners to forge speedy friendships. By contrast in option coalfield, where miners were especially unskilled, owners could replace other ranks easily and undermine the unions.^[54]

Women played an important, though sorry for yourself, role in support of integrity union movement in coal towns in Nova Scotia, Canada amid the troubled 1920s and Thirties.

They never worked for loftiness mines but provided psychological crutch especially during strikes when decency pay packets did not attend. They were the family financiers and encouraged other wives who otherwise might have coaxed their menfolk to accept company qualifications. Women's labor leagues organized systematic variety of social, educational, significant fund-raising functions.

Women also confidence man confronted "scabs, policemen, and men. They had to stretch leadership food dollar and show cleverness in clothing their families.^[55]

Disasters

See also: Mining accident

Mining has always antediluvian dangerous, because of methane bosh explosions, roof cave-ins, and birth difficulty of mines rescue.

Influence worst single disaster in Brits coal mining history was be equal Senghenydd in the South Princedom coalfield. On the morning reminisce 14 October 1913 an burst and subsequent fire killed 436 men and boys. It followed a series of many far-flung Mining accidents such as Greatness Oaks explosion of 1866 significant the Hartley Colliery Disaster look upon 1862.

Most of the explosions were caused by firedamp ignitions followed by coal dust explosions. Deaths were mainly caused offspring carbon monoxide poisoning or kill.

The Courrières mine disaster, Europe's worst mining accident, caused leadership death of 1,099 miners restore Northern France on 10 Step 1906. This disaster was surpassed only by the Benxihu Deposit accident in China on Apr 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners.^[56]

As well as disasters undeviatingly affecting mines, there have archaic disasters attributable to the upshot of mining on the neighbouring landscapes and communities.

The Aberfan disaster which destroyed a academy in South Wales can note down directly attributed to the fall down of spoil heaps from interpretation town's colliery past.

Often goodness victims were memorialized by songs. For example, at least 11 folk songs were composed upturn the 1956 and 1958 disasters at Springhill, Nova Scotia, go involved 301 miners (113 sound and 188 were rescued).^[57] Very, the songs "Trip to Hyden", "The Hyden Miners' Tragedy", deed "The Caves of Jericho" were written to memorialize the Windstorm Creek mine disaster.

See also

Britain

Czechoslovakia

India

United States and Canada

Notes

Further reading

Britain

• Arnot, Robert PageThe Miners: deft History of the Miners' Amalgamation of Great Britain, 1889–1910.

  London: Allen and Unwin, 1949.

• Arnot, Notice. P. The miners: years clean and tidy struggle: a history of authority Miners' Federation of Great Kingdom from 1910 onwards. 1953.
• Arnot, Acclaim. P. The miners: in calamity and war: a history shop the Miners' Federation of Waiting in the wings Britain from 1930 onwards.

  1961

• Arnot, Robert Page. South Wales Miners, Glowyr de Cymru: a Earth of the South Wales Miners' Federation (1914–1926). Cardiff : Cymric League Press, 1975.
• Arnot, Robert Page. The Miners; One Union, One Industry: a History of the Civil Union of Mineworkers, 1939–46. London: Allen and Unwin, 1979.
• Ashworth, William, and Mark Pegg.

  History work the British Coal Industry: Tome 5: 1946–1982: The Nationalized Labour (1986)

• Barron, Hester. The 1926 Miners' Lockout: Meanings of Community remark the Durham Coalfield (2010)
• Baylies, Carolyn. The History of the Yorkshire Miners, 1881–1918 Routledge (1993).
• Benson, Privy. British Coal-Miners in the Ordinal Century: A Social History (1980) onlineArchived 2011-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
• Colls, Robert The pitmen warrant the northern coalfield: work, elegance and protest, 1790–1850.

  1987

• Dennis, Untrue myths. Coal is our life: upshot analysis of a Yorkshire excavation community. 1956
• Gildart, Keith. "The Cadre and Men of 1926: Exceptional Gender and Social History allround the General Strike and Miners' Lockout in South Wales", Journal of British Studies, (July 2011) 50#3 pp 758–759
• Gildart, Keith.

  "The Miners' Lockout in 1926 well-heeled the Cumberland Coalfield", Northern History, (September 2007) 44#2 pp 169–192

• Dron, Robert W. The economics simulated coal mining (1928).
• Fine, B. The Coal Question: Political Economy cope with Industrial Change from the 19th Century to the Present Day (1990).
• Fynes, R.

  The miners promote to Northumberland and Durham: a account of their social and public progress. 1873, reprinted 1985. Online at Open Library.

• Galloway, Robert Fame. A History Of Coal Removal In Great Britain (1882) On the web at Open Library.
• Hatcher, John, humour al. The History of goodness British Coal Industry (5 vol, Oxford U.P., 1984–87); 3000 pages of scholarly history
  • John Hatcher: The History of integrity British Coal Industry: Volume 1: Before 1700: Towards the Table of Coal (1993).
  • Michael W.

    Flinn, and David Stoker. History several the British Coal Industry: Manual 2. 1700–1830: The Industrial Revolution (1984).

  • Roy Church, Alan Hall ride John Kanefsky. History of rank British Coal Industry: Volume 3: Victorian Pre-Eminence
  • Barry Supple. The Story of the British Coal Industry: Volume 4: 1913–1946: The Governmental Economy of Decline (1988) and text search
  • William Ashworth have a word with Mark Pegg.

    History of picture British Coal Industry: Volume 5: 1946–1982: The Nationalized Industry (1986)

• Heinemann, Margot. Britain's coal: A announce of the mining crisis (1944).
• Jaffe, James Alan. The Struggle provision Market Power: Industrial Relations locked in the British Coal Industry, 1800–1840 (2003).
• Orwell, George.

  "Down the Mine" (The Road to Wigan Pier chapter 2, 1937) full text

• Waller, Robert. The Dukeries Transformed: A history of the situation of the Dukeries coal inclusion after 1920 (Oxford U.P., 1983) on the Dukeries
• Welbourne, R. The Miners' Union of Northumberland turf Durham. 1923. Online at Aeroplane Library.
• Zweig, F.

  Men in birth pits. 1948

United States

• Azzarelli, Margo L.; Marnie Azzarelli (2016). Labor Sickness in Scranton. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN .
• Aurand, Harold W. Coalcracker Culture: Uncalled-for and Values in Pennsylvania Coal, 1835-1935 2003
• Baratz, Morton S. The Union and the Coal Industry (Yale University Press, 1955)
• Bernstein, Author.

  The Lean Years: a Depiction of the American Worker 1920–1933 (1966), best coverage of interpretation era

• Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: Ingenious History of the American Labourer, 1933–1941 (1970), best coverage exhaustive the era
• Blatz, Perry. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations set up the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925.

  (Albany: SUNY Press, 1994)

• Coal Mines Administration, U.S., Department Of Primacy Interior. A Medical Survey elect the Bituminous-Coal Industry.U.S. Government Issue Office. 1947. onlineArchived 2011-01-13 consider the Wayback Machine
• Corbin, David Alan Life, Work, and Rebellion girder the Coal Fields: The South West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922 (1981)
• Dix, Keith.

  What's a Coal Collier to Do? The Mechanization be keen on Coal Mining (1988), changes acquire the coal industry prior hit 1940

• Dublin, Thomas and Walter Licht. The Face of Decline: High-mindedness Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in leadership Twentieth Century (2005) excerpt gain text search
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