Sat guru nanak dev ji biography

Founder and first guru longed-for Sikhism (–)

Guru Nanak
19th-century mural painting from Gurdwara Baba Atal depicting Nanak
Born	Nanak 15 April (Katak Pooranmashi, according to Sikh tradition) Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, Punjab, City Sultanate (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 September &#;() (aged&#;70) Kartarpur, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Resting place	Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, Kartarpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Spouse	Mata Sulakhani
Children	Sri Chand Lakhmi Das
Parent(s)	Mehta Kalu and Mata Tripta
Known&#;for
Other&#;names	First Master Peer Balagdaan (in Afghanistan)[2] Nanakachryaya (in Sri Lanka)[3] Nanak Lama (in Tibet)[4] Guru Rinpoche (in Sikkim bid Bhutan)[5] Nanak Rishi (in Nepal)[6] Nanak Peer (in Iraq)[7] Vali Hindi (in Arab Arabia)[8] Nanak Vali (in Egypt)[9] Nanak Kadamdar (in Russia)[10] Baba Foosa (in China)[11]
Signature
Religion	Sikhism
Based&#;in	Kartarpur
Period in&#;office	c.&#;–
Successor	Guru Angad

Gurū Nānak (15 Apr – 22 September ; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation: [gʊɾuːnaːnəkᵊ], pronunciation^ⓘ), also known as Bābā Nānak ('Father Nānak'),^[12] was an Amerind spiritual teacher, mystic and versemaker, who is regarded as illustriousness founder of Sikhism and review the first of the take somebody's place Sikh Gurus.

Nanak is blunt to have travelled far extort wide across Asia teaching mankind the message of Ik Onkar (ੴ, 'One God'), who dwells in every one of surmount creations and constitutes the endless Truth. With this concept, powder would set up a one of a kind spiritual, social, and political stand based on equality, fraternal devotion, goodness, and virtue.

Nanak's words dangle registered in the form care for poetic hymns, or shabda, row the holy religious scripture go along with Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, with some of the older prayers being the Japji Sahib (jap, 'to recite'; ji other sahib are suffixes signifying respect); the Asa di Var ('Ballad of Hope'); and the Sidh Gosht ('Discussion with the Siddhas').

It is part of Religion religious belief that the interior of Nanak's sanctity, divinity, scold religious authority had descended walk into each of the nine important Gurus when the Guruship was devolved on to them. Her majesty birthday is celebrated as Tutor Nanak Gurpurab, annually across Bharat.

Biography

Birth

See also: Guru Nanak Gurpurab

Nanak was born on 15 Apr at Rāi Bhoi Dī Talvaṇḍī village (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan) in the Lahore put across of the Delhi Sultanate, even though according to one tradition, unquestionable was born in the Soldier month of Kārtik or Nov, known as Kattak in Indian.

He was born into representation KhatriPunjabi clan like all additional the Sikh gurus. Specifically, Instructor Nanak was a Bedi Khatri.

Most janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ, 'birth stories'), or traditional biographies of Nanak, mention that he was autochthonous on the third day chief the bright lunar fortnight, hassle the Baisakh month (April) appreciated Samvat These include the Puratan^{[broken anchor]} ('traditional' or 'ancient') janamsakhi, Miharbanjanamsakhi, Gyan-ratanavali^{[broken anchor]} by Bhai Mani Singh, and the Vilayat Vali janamsakhi.

Gurbilas Patashahi 6, written , also attributed strengthen Bhai Mani Singh contradicts Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi as it or says Guru Nanak was autochthonous on the full moon tinge Katak.^[20] The Sikh records refurbish that Nanak died on goodness 10th day of the Asauj month of Samvat (22 Sept &#;CE), at the age commuter boat 70 years, 5 months, be first 7 days.

This further suggests that he was born comprise the month of Vaisakh (April), not Kattak (November).

Kattak birthdate

In orang-utan late as , during blue blood the gentry reign of Ranjit Singh, glory festival commemorating Nanak's birthday was held in April at nobleness place of his birth, famous by then as Nankana Sahib.

However, the anniversary of Nanak's birth—the Gurpurab (gur + purab, 'celebration')—subsequently came to be famous on the full moon offering of the Kattak month timetabled November. The earliest record topple such a celebration in Nankana Sahib is from &#;CE.

There possibly will be several reasons for illustriousness adoption of the Kattak birthdate by the Sikh community.

Sponsor one, it may have bent the date of Nanak's nirvana or "spiritual birth" in , as suggested by the Dabestan-e Mazaheb.^{[citation needed]}

Some of the holdings that support the Katak entertain incident:

The Bala Janamasakhi supports the Kattak birth tradition. Icon is the only Janamsakhi lapse does.

Bhai Bala is held to have obtained Nanak's horoscope from Nanak's uncle Lalu, according to which, Nanak was tribal on a date corresponding drop in 20 October &#;CE. However, that janamsakhi was written by Handalis—a sect of Sikhs who followed a Sikh-convert known as Handal—attempting to depict the founder chimp superior to Nanak.

According get on the right side of a superstition prevailing in modern northern India, a child indigenous in the Kattak month was believed to be weak existing unlucky, hence why the job states that Nanak was innate in that month.

Bhai Gurdas, receipt written on a full-moon-day clamour the Kattak month several decades after Nanak's death, mentions walk Nanak had "obtained omniscience" solve the same day, and hurried departure was now the author's wriggle to "get divine light."

According direct to eyewitness Sikh chronicles, known brand Bhatt Vahis, Guru Nanak was born on the full minion of Katak.^[25]

Gurbilas Patashahi 6 tedious ^[26] attributed to Bhai Mani Singh says Guru Nanak was born on the full slug of Katak.^[20]

Meham Parkash written make a fuss also says Guru Nanak was born on the full lunation of Katak.^[20]

Kesar Singh Chibber’s Bansavalinama Dasan Patashahia Ka meaning family tree of the ten emperors, hard going in ,^[27] says Guru Nanak was born on the packed moon of Katak as well.^[20]

Gurpurnali written in and Guru Tegh Bahadur Malwe da Safar graphical in both mention Guru Nanank being born on the packed moon of Katak.^[20]

Nanak Chandrodaya Indic Janamsakhi from and Janam Sakhi Baba Nanak by Sant Das Chibber from the 18th hundred both mention Guru Nanak coach born on the full slug of katak.^[20]

Gurpur Parkash Granth intended by Sant Ren Singh homemade on a granth written encourage Binod Singh states Guru Nanak was born on the congested moon of Katak.^[28]

According to Main part Arthur Macauliffe (), a Asiatic festival held in the Ordinal century on Kartik Purnima get Amritsar attracted a large give out of Sikhs.

The Sikh agreement leader Giani Sant Singh upfront not like this, thus firsthand a festival at the Adherent shrine of the Golden Church on the same day, proffering it as the birth feast celebration of Guru Nanak.^[29]

Macauliffe too notes that Vaisakh (March–April) by then saw a number of better festivals—such as Holi, Rama Navami, and Vaisakhi—therefore people would happen to busy in agricultural activities end the harvest festival of Baisakhi.

Therefore, holding Nanak's birth celebration celebrations immediately after Vaisakhi would have resulted in thin appearance, and therefore, smaller donations shield the Sikh shrines. On honesty other hand, by the Kattak full moon day, the senior Hindu festival of Diwali was already over, and the peasants—who had surplus cash from amass sales—were able to donate generously.

Family and early life

Nanak's parents, churchman Kalyan Chand Das Bedi (commonly shortened to Mehta Kalu^{[note 1][31]}) and mother Mata Tripta, were both Hindu Khatris and engaged as merchants.

His father, outer shell particular, was the local patwari (accountant) for crop revenue mull it over the village of Talwandi. Nanak's paternal grandfather was named Shiv Ram Bedi and his great-grandfather was Ram Narayan Bedi.^[36][31]

According to Sikh traditions, the onset and early years of Nanak's life were marked with uncountable events that demonstrated that Nanak had been blessed with seraphic grace.

Commentaries on his move about give details of his blooming awareness from a young ratio. For instance, at the arise of five, Nanak is whispered to have voiced interest entertain divine subjects. At age heptad, his father enrolled him contention the village school, as rigid custom. Notable lore recounts renounce, as a child, Nanak bowled over his teacher by describing depiction implicit symbolism of the be in first place letter of the alphabet, analogous the mathematical version of particular, as denoting the unity plain oneness of God.

Other imaginary of his childhood refer bring out strange and miraculous events go up in price Nanak, such as the give someone a ring witnessed by Rai Bular, run to ground which the sleeping child's sense was shaded from the difficult sunlight by, in one tally, by the stationary shadow replica a tree^{[citation needed]} or, shrub border another, by a venomous cobra.

Nanaki, Nanak's only sister, was cardinal years older than him.

Efficient , she married and la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Sultanpur.^{[citation needed]} Jai Force, Nanaki's husband, was employed mine a modikhana (a storehouse read revenues collected in non-cash form), in the service of say publicly Delhi Sultanate's Lahore governor Daulat Khan, at which Ram would help Nanak get a association.

Nanak moved to Sultanpur, survive started working at the modikhana around the age of ^{[citation needed]}

As a young man,^[i] Nanak married Sulakhani, daughter of Mūl Chand (aka Mula)^[ii][iii] and Chando Raṇi.^{[citation needed]} They were marital on 24 September , distort the town of Batala, crucial would go on to suppress two sons, Sri Chand fairy story Lakhmi Chand (or Lakhmi Das).^[iv] Nanak lived in Sultanpur hanging fire c.

, which would acceptably a formative time for him, as the puratanjanamsakhi suggests, prosperous in his numerous allusions do good to governmental structure in his hymns, most likely gained at that time.

Final years

Around the age behove 55, Nanak settled in Kartarpur, living there until his pull off in September During this put in writing, he went on short tours to the Nathyogi centre custom Achal, and the Sufi centres of Pakpattan and Multan.

Insensitive to the time of his litter, Nanak had acquired several escort in the Punjab region, conj albeit it is hard to approximate their number based on prestige extant historical evidence. The entourage of Nanak were called Kartārīs (meaning 'the people who belonged to the village of Kartarpur') by others.^[47]

Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna as the successor Instructor, renaming him as Guru Angad, meaning "one's very own" add up to "part of you".

Shortly aft proclaiming his successor, Nanak dreary on 22 September in Kartarpur, at the age of According to Sikh hagiography, his target was never found. When authority quarreling Hindus and Muslims tugged at the sheet covering king body, they found instead unblended heap of flowers—and so Nanak’s simple faith would, in general of time, flower into unadorned religion, beset by its soothe contradictions and customary practices.^[48]

Odysseys (Udasis)

Not to be confused with Udasi, a religious sect of ascetics founded by Sri Chand, Instructor Nanak's son.

During first quarter sight the 16th century, Nanak went on long udasiya ('journeys') representing spiritual pursuits.

A verse authored by him states that inaccuracy visited several places in "nau-khand" ('the nine regions of prestige earth'), presumably the major Faith and Muslim pilgrimage centres.

Some virgin accounts state that he visited Tibet, most of South Aggregation, and Arabia, starting in mass age 27, when he sinistral his family for a thirty-year period.

These claims include Nanak's visit to Mount Sumeru firm footing Indian mythology, as well in the same way Mecca, Baghdad, Achal Batala, attend to Multan, where he would altercation religious ideas with opposing accumulations. These stories became widely approved in the 19th and Twentieth century, and exist in diverse versions.

In , Nanak visited say publicly Sylhet region in Bengal.^{[citation needed]} The janamsakhis suggest that Nanak visited the Ram Janmabhoomi house of worship in Ayodhya in –11 CE.

The Baghdad inscription remains the heart of writing by Indian scholars that Guru Nanak journeyed pen the Middle East, with insufferable claiming he visited Jerusalem, Riyadh, Vatican, Azerbaijan and Sudan.

Disputes

The hagiographic details are a subject holiday dispute, with modern scholarship sceptical the details and authenticity souk many claims.

For example, Callewaert and Snell () state renounce early Sikh texts do moan contain such stories. From conj at the time that the travel stories first come into view in hagiographic accounts of Lecturer Nanak, centuries after his passing away, they continue to become mega sophisticated as time goes span, with the late phase Puratan version describing four missionary roam, which differ from the Miharban version.

Some of the stories draw near to Guru Nanak's extensive travels prime appear in the 19th-century Puratan janamsakhi, though even this repulse does not mention Nanak's move round to Baghdad.

Such embellishments contemporary insertion of new stories, according to Callewaert and Snell (), closely parallel claims of miracles by Islamic pirs found tag on Sufi tadhkirahs of the livery era, giving reason to make up that these legends may control been written in a competition.

Another source of dispute has anachronistic the Baghdad stone, bearing stop off inscription^{[clarification needed]} in a Turki script.

Some interpret the dedication as saying Baba Nanak Fakir was there in –; leftovers read it as saying – (and that he lived hem in the Middle East for 11 years away from his family). Others, particularly Western scholars, controvert that the stone inscription review from the 19th century topmost the stone is not span reliable evidence that Nanak visited Baghdad in early 16th hundred.

Moreover, beyond the stone, thumb evidence or mention of her highness journey in the Middle Acclimatize has been found in dick other Middle Eastern textual overcome epigraphical records. Claims have antediluvian asserted of additional inscriptions, nevertheless no one has been permission to locate and verify them.

Novel claims about his voyage, as well as claims specified as his body vanishing afterwards his death, are also crank in later versions and these are similar to the appreciation stories in Sufi literature as to their pirs.

Other direct stomach indirect borrowings in the Faith janamsakhis relating to legends on all sides of his journeys are from Hindi epics and puranas, and BuddhistJataka stories.

Posthumous biographies

The earliest biographical large quantity on Nanak's life recognised in this day and age are the janamsakhis ('birth stories'), which recount the circumstances subtract his birth in extended factor.

Gyan-ratanavali is the janamsakhi attributed to Bhai Mani Singh, tidy disciple of Guru Gobind Singh^{[clarification needed]} who was approached stomach-turning some Sikhs with a solicit that he should prepare wholesome authentic account of Nanak's sure of yourself. As such, it is aforementioned that Bhai Mani Singh wrote his story with the put into words intention of correcting heretical banking of Nanak.

One popular janamsakhi was allegedly written by Bhai Bala, a close companion break into Nanak. However, the writing composition and language employed have keep steady scholars, such as Max Character Macauliffe, certain that they were composed after his death. According to such scholars, there unwanted items good reasons to doubt significance claim that the author was a close companion of Guardian Nanak and accompanied him drink many of his travels.

Bhai Gurdas, a scribe of say publicly Guru Granth Sahib, also wrote about Nanak's life in surmount vars ('odes'), which were compiled some time after Nanak's viability, though are less detailed leave speechless the janamsakhis.

Teachings and legacy

Nanak's teachings can be found change into the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a collection type verses recorded in Gurmukhi.^{[citation needed]}

There are three competing theories one and only Nanak's teachings.^[62] The first, according to Cole and Sambhi (, ), based on the hagiographicalJanamsakhis, states that Nanak's teachings stand for Sikhism were revelations from Creator, and not a social show protest movement, nor an attempt evaluate reconcile Hinduism and Islam livestock the 15th century.

The in two shakes theory states that Nanak was a Guru, not a forecaster.

According to Singha ():

Sikhism does not subscribe to the inkling of incarnation or the thought of prophet hood. But bin has a pivotal concept for Guru. He is not young adult incarnation of God, not collected a prophet. He is untainted illumined soul.

The third theory equitable that Guru Nanak is rectitude incarnation of God.

This has been supported by many Sikhs including Bhai Gurdas, Bhai Vir Singh, Santhok Singh and not bad supported by the Guru Granth Sahib.^{[citation needed]} Bhai Gurdas says:^[66]

ਗੁਰ ਪਰਮੇਸਰੁ ਇਕੁ ਹੈ ਸਚਾ ਸਾਹੁ ਜਗਤੁ ਵਣਜਾਰਾ।

The Instructor and God are one; Filth is the true master suffer the whole world craves contribution Him.

Additionally, in the Guru Granth Sahib, it is stated:^[67]

ਨਾਨਕ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਹੁ ਹਰਿ ਗੁਰ ਸਫਲ ਦਰਸਨ ਕੀ ਫਿਰਿ ਲੇਖਾ ਮੰਗੈ ਨ ਕੋਈ ॥੨॥

O Nanak, serve the Guru, the Prince Incarnate; the Blessed Vision interrupt His Darshan is profitable, take up in the end, you shall not be called to qualifications.

||2||

Guru Ram Das says:^[68]

ਗੁਰ ਗੋਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੋੁਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਹੈ ਨਾਨਕ ਭੇਦੁ ਨ ਭਾਈ ॥੪॥੧॥੮॥

Integrity Guru is God, and Creator is the Guru, O Nanak; there is no difference mid the two, O Siblings more than a few Destiny. ||4||1||8||

The hagiographical Janamsakhis were not written by Nanak, on the contrary by later followers without approbation for historical accuracy, containing several legends and myths created make use of show respect for Nanak.

Force Sikhism, the term revelation, chimpanzee Cole and Sambhi clarify, disintegration not limited to the perception of Nanak. Rather, they subsume all Sikh Gurus, as victoriously as the words of lower ranks and women from Nanak's earlier, present, and future, who have divine knowledge intuitively through cerebration. The Sikh revelations include honourableness words of non-Sikh bhagats (Hindu & Muslim devotees), some who lived and died before say publicly birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of depiction Sikh scriptures.

The Adi Granth subject successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasized, suggests Mandair (), that Religion is "not about hearing voices from God, but it keep to about changing the nature simulated the human mind, and solitary can achieve direct experience beginning spiritual perfection at any time."^[62] Nanak emphasised that all possibly manlike beings can have direct get a message to to God without rituals by way of alternative priests.

The concept of man reorganization elaborated by Nanak, states Mandair (), refines and negates rectitude "monotheistic concept of self/God," veer "monotheism becomes almost redundant sidewalk the movement and crossings attention to detail love."^[71] The goal of bloke, taught the Sikh Gurus, laboratory analysis to end all dualities many "self and other, I unacceptable not-I," attaining the "attendant superfluity of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of common life."^[71]

Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus emphasised bhakti ('love', 'devotion', defeat 'worship'), and taught that probity spiritual life and secular homeowner life are intertwined.^[72] In goodness Sikh perspective, the everyday replica is part of an immense reality, where increased spiritual knowing leads to increased and colourful participation in the everyday environment.

Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" mimic "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than birth metaphysical truth.

Through popular tradition, Nanak's teaching is understood to weakness practised in three ways:

• Vand Shhako (ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ, 'share & consume'): Share with others, help those who are in need, for this reason you may eat together;
• Kirat Karo ('work honestly'): Earn an candid living, without exploitation or fraud; and
• Naam Japo (ਨਾਮ ਜਪੋ, 'recite His name'): Meditate on God's name, so to feel Monarch presence and control the quintuplet thieves of the human personality.

Legacy

Nanak is the founder of Religion.

The fundamental beliefs of Faith, articulated in the sacred the word Guru Granth Sahib, include holiness and meditation on the label of the one creator; agreement of all humankind; engaging burden selfless service, striving for communal justice for the benefit be first prosperity of all; and frank conduct and livelihood while wreak a householder's life.

The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as honourableness supreme authority of Sikhism standing is considered the final pivotal perpetual guru of Sikhism.

Monkey the first guru of Religion, Nanak contributed a total advice hymns to the book.^[81]

Influences

Many Sikhs believe that Nanak's message was divinely revealed, as his unattached words in Guru Granth Sahib state that his teachings downside as he has received them from the Creator Himself.

Rendering critical event of his convinced in Sultanpur, in which sharp-tasting returned after three days clank enlightenment, also supports this belief.^{[failed verification]}

Many modern historians give bend forwards to his teachings' linkage sign out the pre-existing bhakti,sant,^[v] and wali of Hindu/Islamic tradition.

Scholars offer that in its origins, Nanak and Sikhism were influenced mass the nirguni ('formless God') lore of the Bhakti movement behave medieval India.^[vi] However, some historians do not see evidence outline Sikhism as simply an expansion of the Bhakti movement. Faith, for instance, disagreed with awful views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.

The roots confront the Sikh tradition are probably in the sant-tradition of Bharat whose ideology grew to junction the Bhakti tradition.^[vii] Fenech () suggests that:

Indic mythology permeates representation Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the subservient ancillary canon, the Dasam Granth advocate adds delicate nuance and get the impression to the sacred symbolic field of the Sikhs of nowadays and of their past ancestors.^[viii]

In the Bahá'í Faith

See also: Baháʼí Faith in India

In unmixed letter, dated 27 October , to the National Spiritual Troop of the Bahá'ís of Bharat, the Universal House of Virtue stated that Nanak was capable with a "saintly character" existing that he was:

inspired to accord the religions of Hinduism endure Islám, the followers of which religions had been in sketchy conflict The Bahá'ís thus run Guru Nanak as a 'saint of the highest order'.

In Hinduism

Nanak is highly influential amongst Sanskrit Hindus and Sindhi Hindus, honesty majority of whom follow Nanakpanthi teachings.

^[90][91]

In Tibetan Buddhism wallet Bon

Trilochan Singh claims that, use centuries, Tibetans have been qualification pilgrimages to the Golden Place of worship shrine in Amritsar to compensation homage to Guru Nanak's memory.^[92]:&#;&#; However, Tibetans seem to fake confused Nanak with the restore of Padmasambhava centuries earlier, stomach have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of veneration (believing the essence of both figures is one and magnanimity same) or mistaken chronology.^{[note 2][93]} According to Tibetan scholar Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans believe Guide Nanak was an incarnation outline Padmasambhava.^[94] Both Buddhist and Track Tibetans made pilgrimages to righteousness Golden Temple in Amritsar, on the contrary they revered the site tail different reasons.^[95]

Between and , say publicly Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled to Bharat for a second time, appointment the Golden Temple in Amritsar during this visit.^{[96]:&#;78&#;[95]} Whilst blight Amritsar in or , Khyung-sprul and his Tibetan entourage walked around the Golden Temple period making offerings.^{[96]:&#;78&#;} Khyung-sprul referred hear the Golden Temple as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).^{[96]:&#;78&#;} Khyung-sprul returned to nobleness Golden Temple in Amritsar pine another time during his position and final visit to Bharat in ^{[96]:&#;80&#;}

Several years later aft the –31 visit of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan Bonpo monk mass the name of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar and offered the following description:^{[96]:&#;78&#;}

"Their principal gshen is the Muffling gshen with the 'bird-horns'.

Surmount secret name is Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Path of Relative and Absolute Actuality. He holds in his cope the Sword of Wisdom . . . At this spiritual place the oceanic assembly chief the tutelary gods and buddhas . . . gather adoration clouds"

—&#;Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel

In Islam

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community consider Guru Nanak to have been a Muhammadan saint and that Sikhism derived form from Sufism.^[97] They believe Guardian Nanak sought to educate Muslims about the "real teachings" senior Islam.^[97] Writing in , Mirza Ghulam Ahmad defended Nanak put on the back burner the accusations that had anachronistic made by the Arya SamajistDayananda Saraswati, and asserted that Nanak was a Muslim.^[97] According withstand Abdul Jaleel, Nanak being trim Muslim is supported by a-okay chola inscribed with Quranic verses that is attributed to acquiring been belonging to him.^[98]

In in favour culture

Places visited

Uttarakhand

Andhra Pradesh

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Jammu and Kashmir

Punjab

Sikkim

Odisha

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iran

Iraq

Sri Lanka

Saudi Arabia

See also

Notes

References