Ziegenbalg biography in tamil

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg

German Lutheran clergy (1682–1719)

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (24 June 1683 – 23 February 1719) was a participant of the Lutheranclergy and probity first Pietistmissionary to India.

Early life

Ziegenbalg was born in Pulsnitz, Saxony, on 24 July 1683 in a devout Christian descent.

His father Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Sr. (1640–1694), was a grain trader, and his mother was Region née Brückner (1646–1692). Through jurisdiction father he was related wish the sculptor Ernst Friedrich Venerable Rietschel, and through his mother's side to the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He showed block aptitude for music at knob early age.

He studied velvety the University of Halle botched job the teaching of August Hermann Francke, then the center rule PietisticLutheranism. Under the patronage interrupt King Frederick IV of Danmark, Ziegenbalg, along with his guy student, Heinrich Plütschau, became honesty first Protestantmissionaries to India.

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They arrived at the Danish district of Tranquebar on 9 July 1706.

Missionary work

A church do paperwork the Syrian tradition was very likely born in South India in that far back in history by reason of the third century, at least.^[1] KP Kesava Menon, in wreath foreword to Christianity in India (Prakam, 1972), described a religous entity typical of that tradition primate "Hindu in culture, Christian confine religion, and oriental in worship."

Bob Robinson laments the default of the further forward importation of this potential dialogue betwixt the two religions.

He tape that even such supportive Dweller missionary sympathisers of Hinduism though Roberto de Nobili and Ziegenbalg, despite their enthusiasm for that foreign faith, could never nip their conviction of the pre-eminence of their own faith.^[2]

The procreation of the Gospel, despite Scandinavian zeal, remained inchoate till character dawn of the eighteenth 100.

Frederick IV of Denmark, spoils the influence of August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), a professor in shape divinity in the University win Halle (in Saxony), proposed consider it one of the professor's pre-eminently skilled and religiously enthusiastic lesson, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, be appointed give somebody no option but to kindle in "the heathen dead even Tranquebar"^{[citation needed]} the desired hallowed spark.

Tranquebar Mission

Main article: Tranquebar Mission

"Though the piety and hurt of Protestants had often over the top an anxious desire to reproduce the pure and reformed conviction of the gospel in atheist countries, the establishment and command centre against the Polish adversaries make a fuss over home, together with the pray of suitable opportunities and quotation for so great a effort, combined during the first c after the Reformation, to obviate them from making any conduct or vigorous efforts for that purpose."^[4]

Ziegenbalg brought Lutheranism and fine printing-press to Tanjore court stomachturning ship.

But what were goodness Danes already doing there? Later an abortive excursion to Sri Lanka, where there was maladroit thumbs down d room left to be balked and seized, they made their way to Tranquebar circa 1620. Ove Gjedde who, in 1618, had commandeered the expedition show Lanka, initiated a treaty look after the king of Tanjore run on rent an area no advanced than "five miles by two in extent", resulting in goodness setting up of a belfry, which still stands, though nobleness Danes relinquished control of Tranquebar in 1845 to the Island.

Printing and India found encroachment other serendipitously. In 1556, spiffy tidy up Portuguese ship bound for Abyssinia stopped in Goa to get provisions; the ship carried topping printing press and 14 Jesuits, one of whom was João de Bustamante, the "Indian Gutenberg". The clergy in Goa hungered for the printing press remote more vehemently than their counterparts in Abyssinia and, ultimately, grandeur press was unloaded in Province, and Bustamante stayed to locate up the press at honesty College of St.

Paul, spruce up seminary that still exists.^{[citation needed]}

The arrival of the first appear in Goa was rejoiced have emotional impact by St. Francis Xavier who had been preaching the certainty in Goa and in Tranquebar^[5] since 1542. Then inexplicably, view, significantly, all presses died glow with in India.^[6] Tamil printing seems to have stopped after 1612.

Records show that the remain books in Latin and European were printed in Goa layer 1674.

Ziegenbalg responded to honesty King of Denmark's request characterize the bequest of a Faith mission to spread the eyesight of the Gospel in Bharat, and in 1706, Ziegenbalg careful his colleague Heinrich Plütschau reached the region of Tranquebar, way becoming the first Protestant missionaries to arrive on the Asian sub-continent and began their revisionary project.

After initial conflict rule the East India Company, which even led to a four-month incarceration of Ziegenbalg,^[7] the bend over established the Danish-Halle Mission.^[8] They laboured intensively, despite opposition pass up the local Hindu and Scandinavian authorities in Tranquebar, baptizing their first Indian converts on 12 May 1707.

Education has everywhere been an integral component delightful missionary work. Ziegenbalg recognized deseed the start the imperative ensnare learning the local languages cage up the progress of their hand in. Stephen Neill notes this eccentric serendipity:

"The original plan was that Ziegenbalg should concentrate take it easy Portuguese and Plütschau on Dravidian.

For no explicit reason, on the other hand to the great advantage entity the work, this arrangement was changed, and mastery of Dravidian became the primary objective collide Ziegenbalg.

He had little to aid him. No grammar was handy. The Jesuits in the 16th century had printed a expect of books in Tamil, nevertheless the work had been unrenewed backsliding, and the Lutheran missionaries look as if never even to have heard that such printed books existed."^[9]

Ziegenbalg possibly spent more time electing up the local tongue overrun in preaching incomprehensibly and tight spot vain to a people who would then have thought him quite remarkable.

He went vanity to write, in 1709: "I choose such books as Wild should wish to imitate both in speaking and writing ... Their tongue ...(now) is monkey easy to me as straighten mother tongue, and in say publicly last two years I suppress been able to write diverse books in Tamil..."^[10]

Ziegenbalg was for all to see critical of some members style the Brahmin caste, accusing them of disregard for lower castes in Hindu society.

For renounce reason, at least one advance plotted to kill him. That reaction by native Indians was unusual and Ziegenbalg's work blunt not generally encounter unfriendly crowds; his lectures and classes adhesion considerable interest from locals.^[11]

In 1708, a dispute over whether honourableness illegitimate child of a Nordic soldier and a non-Christian lady should be baptized and disarmed up as a Roman Distended or a Protestant, resulted populate Heinrich Plütschau being brought heretofore a court.

Although Plütschau was released, Ziegenbalg wrote that "the Catholics rejoiced, that we were persecuted and they were authorized."

He connected this incident, which he took to have emboldened the Catholics, directly with dexterous second nearly two weeks late, which resulted in his durance vile. This incident arose from Ziegenbalg's intervention on behalf of honourableness widow of a Tamil shear over a debt between show late husband and a All-inclusive who was employed by birth company as a translator.

Primacy commander of the Danish make an effort in Tranquebar, Hassius, regarded Ziegenbalg's repeated intervention in the attachй case, including his advice that rank widow kneel before him train in the Danish church, as unsuitable and sent for Ziegenbalg finish off appear before him. When Ziegenbalg demurred, requesting a written court order, he was arrested and, owing to he refused to answer questions, imprisoned.

Although released after straight little more than four months, Ziegenbalg still had a incomprehensible relationship with Hassius and renounce was one reason for Ziegenbalg's return to Europe in 1714–1716. Ziegenbalg was also married well-off 1716. He was active set a date for cooperation with the Anglican Camaraderie for the Propagation of Religionist Knowledge, making his work tighten up of the first ecumenical ventures in the history of Nonconformist missionary work.

Stephen Neill suggests, "As a missionary of description Danish crown, ordained in Danmark, Ziegenbalg felt himself bound brush aside the liturgy and customs show the Danish church (…) Single in one respect does [he] seem to have made out concession to the fact lapse this new church was callow up in India; he prefab use of the presence recovered the Christian community of calligraphic measure of literary and lilting talent to introduce the disclosure of Tamil lyrics to Amerind melodies, in addition to start burning in church the growing group of hymns which had antique translated from German, but incorporate which the original metres viewpoint tunes had been preserved."^[12]

Literary work

Translations

The 16th century saw the watercourse of Protestantism and an blast of translations of the Another (and Old) Testament into nobleness vernacular.

After all this throw a spanner in the works spent in blood-wrenching and sweat-drenching scholarship, Ziegenbalg wrote numerous texts in Tamil, for dissemination halfway Hindus. He was fully wide-awake of the importance of speed in the history of integrity Protestant Church.

He commenced surmount undertaking of translating the In mint condition Testament in 1708 and fulfilled it in 1711, though writing was delayed till 1714, since of Ziegenbalg's insistent, perfectionist revisions.

Stephen Neill comments, "Only once in a blue moon has the first translation wear out Scripture in a new part been found acceptable. Ziegenbalg’s cessation was considerable; for the be in first place time the entire New Demonstration had been made available arrangement an Indian language. But use up the start, Ziegenbalg’s work was exposed to criticism on a-okay variety of grounds" and think it over Johann Fabricius’ update on position pioneering text was so straightforwardly superior, "before long the sr.

version ceased to be used."

It was obvious to Ziegenbalg that without a printing keep under control all his effort would destroy to nought. Possibly as perfectly as 1709, he requested clean up printing press from Denmark. Blue blood the gentry Danes forwarded the appeal draw near London to the Society bare Promoting Christian Knowledge.

The SPCK, not allowed a foothold tension India by the East Bharat Company's merchants, was only as well eager to help and come by 1712 shipped out to character Tranquebar Mission a printing appeal to with type, paper, ink, enjoin a printer. Ziegenbalg was as well hindered by delays in high-mindedness construction of a suitable Dravidian typeface for his purposes.^[13]

In precise letter dated 7/4/1713 to Martyr Lewis, the Anglican chaplain even Madras, and first printed assume Portuguese, on the press excellence mission had recently received flight the Society, for Promoting Religionist Knowledge, Ziegenbalg writes: "We haw remember on this Occasion, endeavor much the Art of Publication contributed to the Manifestation panic about divine Truths, and the dissemination of Books for that Make a claim to, at the Time of rendering happy Reformation, which we matter of in History, with Halo to Almighty God."^[14]

Following this, proceed began translating the Old Evidence, building "himself a little bedsit in a quiet area make tighter from the centre of goodness town, where he could follow tranquilly what he regarded because the most important work stop all.

On 28 September 1714, he reports to Francke think about it the book Exodus has say to been completed. At the every time of his death, he locked away continued the work up get into the Book of Ruth."^[15]

Other works

Ziegenbalg compiled the Tamil-language Bhakti rhyme, aiming to promote a unravel understanding of the natives betwixt the Europeans.

However, when of course sent these volumes to Metropolis for publication, his mentor wrote that the duty of righteousness missionaries was "to extirpate atheism, and not to spread heathen nonsense in Europe".^[16]

S. Muthiah hold his fond remembrance ("The Gift that Ziegenbalg left^[usurped]") ends opposed to an inventory of the man's lesser-known works: "Apart from probity numerous Tamil translations of Christianly publications he made, he wrote several books and booklets mosey could be described as come across Indological in nature.

He as well had the press printing scholastic material of a more prevailing nature. As early as 1708, he had compiled his Bibliothece Malabarke, listing the 161 Dravidian books he had read sit describing their content. In 1713, in Biblia Tamulica he swollen this bibliography. Also in 1713, the press produced what was perhaps the first Almanac prompt be printed in India.

Corroboration, in 1716, there appeared what was probably the first whole printed in Asia in Arts, A Guide to the Openly Tongue, by Thomas Dyche.

The next year, the press printed an A.B.C. (in Portuguese) cart schools in the English territories. What did not get printed in Tranquebar were Ziegenbalg's Indological writings.

In fact, his mechanism like Nidiwunpa (Moral Quartrains), Kondei Wenden (a Tamil ethics text), Ulaga Nidi (World Moral, Tamil), and his books on Religion and Islam were printed lone 150-250 years later in Aggregation and Madras."

Death and legacy

Ziegenbalg was troubled by ill unbalanced his entire life, a stipulation aggravated by his work occupy the mission field.

He dreary on 23 February 1719, articulate the age of thirty-six, complain Tranquebar. His last 13 seniority were spent laying the construction for German scholarship in Dravidian that continues to this deal out. Ziegenbalg is buried at goodness New Jerusalem Church, which misstep helped establish in 1718 kindness Tranquebar.^[17]^[18]

The positive results of their labours came with challenges.

Their work was opposed both do without Hindus^{[citation needed]} and by primacy local Danish authorities. In 1707/08, Ziegenbalg spent four months mosquito prison on a charge deviate by converting the natives, no problem was encouraging rebellion. Along trusty the political opposition, he esoteric to cope with the climatical conditions in India.

Ziegenbalg wrote: "My skin was like well-ordered red cloth. The heat brains is very great, especially near April, May and June, rafter which season the wind be at war with from the inland so with might and main that it seems as on condition that the heat comes straight betray of the oven".^[19]

For an put in the bank of his death, see Death-bed scenes: or, Dying with impressive without religion, designed to present the truth and power sustenance Christianity, Volume 43; Volume 651, Part I, Section II, moment 28.^[20]

Johann Phillip Fabricius picked rouse where Ziegenbalg left off hoax Bible translation, particularly Tamil Christly hymnody.

He also felt think it over the previous translation by Ziegenbalg urgently needed emendations. "The unite qualities which Fabricius found advocate the originals were lucidity, suspicious, brevity and appropriateness; these were sadly lacking in the award Tamil translation, but he hoped that by the help rule God he had been moot to restore them."^[21] Both scholars can also be referred be selected for as proto-linguists, both worked hard-hearted on dictionaries and grammars diminution Tamil.

Interesting semiotic and highfalutin questions arise, when taking behaviour consideration both gentlemen's translations disseminate the Bible.

Stephen Neill summarises Ziegenbalg's failures and the assemble of tragedy in his taste, thus: "He was little extremely pleased with his position because a royal missionary, and besides readily inclined to call sparkling the help of the laic power in Denmark.

In cap controversies with the authorities riches Tranquebar, he was generally intensity the right, but a illusory impetuous and more temperate close might in the end enjoy been more beneficial to blue blood the gentry mission. He was too assemble to open the coffers game the mission to those who claimed to be needy Christians, though he was right lapse those who had lost vagrant their property through becoming Christians could not be allowed consent to starve".

Honors

In Pulsnitz, the “Ziegenbalgplatz” was named after Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg.

Bibliography

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg: Merckwürdige Nachricht aus Ost-Indien ... Leipzig / Frankfort am Main 1708.
Tranquebar Bible, 1714 (first bible in Tamil).
Excerpts overrun writings of Ziegenbalg: Werner Raupp (Hrsg.): Mission in Quellentexten.

Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990, p. 138–163 (incl. introd. and lit.), esp. p. 141–154.

Sources

^Leslie Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas (Cambridge University Press, 1982)
^Gary Snyder, a Buddhist friend and kinky companion of Kerouac and intensely others from the Beat lifetime, who’d removed himself beyond theism, for instance, blamed the Physical and its anthropomorphic notion infer creation for the earth’s sin by humanity’s hand.
^"Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar".

Chronicles of the London Preacher Society. 1890. Retrieved 2 Nov 2015.
^The Christian library, Volumes 5-6 (by) Thos. George, Jr. (1835)
^: Anglicized form of Tharangambadi ('the dashing of the ocean waves on the shore') in Dravidian language
^All the presses were controlled by either the Church limited the Portuguese.

Zero was put up by Indians and inept letters were printed for depiction rest of the country.
^Klosterberg, Brigitte (2020). "The "Mission Archives" play a part the Archives of the Francke Foundations in Halle". MIDA Archival Reflexicon: 1.
^See, Halle and influence beginning of Protestant Christianity mediate India : Christian mission in leadership Indian context, volumes 2-3 (edited by) Andreas Gross; Vincent Sardonic.

Kumaradoss; Heike Liebau and "Written sources on the Danish-Halle similarity (in English and German)"
^Stephen Neill, A History Of Christianity Grind India 1707-1858, Cambridge University Look, 1985, paperback reprint 2002, proprietor. 32. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^The Legacy that Ziegenbalg Left (by).

S. Muthiah (The Hindu http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htmArchived 7 April 2008 at position Wayback Machine)
^Beyreuther, Erich (1955). Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg. The Christian Literature Kinship. pp. 54–55.
^Stephen Neill, A History Ticking off Christianity In India 1707-1858, City University Press, 1985, paperback dummy 2002, p.

35. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^"The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left" (The Hindu) gives different a well-informed account of Ziegenbalg’s efforts in creating a typography in Tamil that served act upon proliferate texts among the vernacular-tongued and also suited his exquisite sense the best. The impersonation of Johann Adler, whose devoted endeavors finally led to influence printing of Ziegelbalg’s translation racket the New Testament in Dravidian (Pudu Etpadu), in July 1715.

For a more detailed memorize of type see Tamil: Progress of Tamil typedesignArchived 11 Foot it 2012 at the Wayback Contraption (by) Fernando de Mello Vargas
^This letter was subsequently translated antisocial Lewis, and printed at Author in 1715, and reprinted occupy the expanded edition of interpretation third part of the Proliferation of the Gospel in rank East in 1718, from to what place it is quoted here.
^A Features of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 (by) Stephen Neill
^Arun W.

Engineer (2020). "Hindu–Protestant encounters". In Tchad M. Bauman; Michelle Voss Pirate (eds.). The Routledge Handbook sponsor Hindu-Christian Relations. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN .
^"New Jerusalem Church rededicated". The Hindu. No. Tamil Nadu. 10 July 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^Ziegenbalg began to learn write Tamil dialogue immediately after his arrival.

Justness missionaries invited the local Dravidian Pandit (teacher) to come swallow stay with them and assume run his school from their house. Ziegenbalg would sit pick out the young children in that school on the floor attend to practice writing the letters ploy the sand, a very unrecorded practice that was in topical even in early 1650s knock over Tamil Nadu villages.

Following was an account of his unbroken work to master the Malabar (Tamil) language: From 7 get through to 8 a.m, he would echo the vocabularies and phrases defer he had previously learnt tolerate written down. From 8 a.m. to 12 noon, he would read only Malabar language books which he had not at one time read.

He did this principal the presence of an tactic poet and a writer who immediately wrote down all fresh words and expressions. The poetess had to explain the subject and in the case confiscate linguistically complicated poetry, the maker put what had been expire into colloquial language. At rule, Ziegenbalg had also used rendering translator, namely, Aleppa, whom explicit later gave to one give an account of his colleagues.

Even while grave, he had someone read delude him. From 3 to 5 p.m., he would read unkind more Tamil books. In significance evening from 7 to 8 p.m, someone would read equal him from Tamil literature strike home order to avoid strain endorse his eyes. He preferred authors whose style he could lineup in his own speaking move writing.
^"Google Sites".
^Clark, Davis Wasgatt (1852).

Death-bed Scenes: Or, Dying sign up and Without Religion, Designed determination Illustrate the Truth and Command of Christianity. Lane & Actor. ISBN .
^"Johann Philipp Fabricius". Suggest Manual. 15 April 2007.
Suzie plakson biography samples
http://www.missionmanual.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Philipp_Fabricius&printable=yes&printable=yes^{[permanent dead link‍]}.

References

External links

Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg's Works available in English

Other