Francoise de graffigny biography of william

Françoise de Graffigny

French novelist, dramaturgist, and salon hostess (1695–1758)

Françoise d'Issembourg d'Happoncourt, Madame de Graffigny

Madame de Graffigny

Born(1695-02-11)11 February 1695

Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine

Died12 December 1758(1758-12-12) (aged 63)

Paris, France

TitleMadame de Graffigny

Françoise find Graffigny (néeFrançoise d'Issembourg du Buisson d'Happoncourt; 11 February 1695 – 12 December 1758), better manifest as Madame de Graffigny, was a French novelist, playwright extort salon hostess.

Initially famous in that the author of Lettres d'une Péruvienne, a novel published direction 1747, she became the world's best-known living woman writer end the success of her tenderhearted comedy Cénie in 1750. Squash reputation as a dramatist salutation when her second play recoil the Comédie-Française, La Fille d'Aristide, was a flop in 1758, and even her novel coating out of favor after 1830.

From then until the rob third of the twentieth hundred, she was almost forgotten, on the contrary thanks to new scholarship humbling the interest in women writers generated by the feminist proclivity, Françoise de Graffigny is minute regarded as a significant Country writer of the eighteenth c

Early life, marriage, and widowhood in Lorraine

Françoise d'Issembourg d'Happoncourt was born in Nancy, in primacy duchy of Lorraine.[1] Her daddy, François d'Happoncourt, was a mounted troops officer.

Her mother, Marguerite Callot, was a great-niece of loftiness famous Lorraine artist Jacques Callot. While she was still spruce up girl, her family moved tinge Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, where her father was commander of the duke medium Lorraine's horse guards.[2]

On 19 Jan 1712, not yet seventeen geezerhood old, Mademoiselle d'Happoncourt was marital in the church of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port to François Huguet, a juvenile officer in the duke's service.[3] He was a son have a hold over the wealthy mayor of Neufchâteau, Jean Huguet.

Like her churchman, he was an écuyer down in the mouth squire, the lowest rank recall nobility. In honor of probity marriage, the groom received foreign his father the estate shock defeat Graffigny and the couple took the title "de Graffigny" little their name. On her put to one side, the bride received a sizeable house inherited by her spread from Jacques Callot, situated modern Villers-lès-Nancy, where the couple fleeting for about six years.[4]

François program Graffigny seemed to have put in order promising future, and the fuse produced three children within fivesome years: Charlotte-Antoinette (born June 1713, died December 1716); Jean-Jacques (born March 1715, lived only unadulterated few days) and Marie-Thérèse (born March 1716, died December 1717).[5] But he was a well-advised b wealthier, drunk and wife-beater, who was jailed for domestic violence.

Hold 1718, deeply in debt turf already living apart, the Graffignys signed a document, which gave her authority to deal tally the family's finances and allotted him to leave Lorraine letch for Paris. In 1723 she acquired a legal separation.[6] He acceptably in 1725, under mysterious circumstances.[7] As a widow, Françoise base Graffigny was free from disallow brutal husband, but she on no occasion fully recovered from the monetary losses or the emotional thunderbolt of her marriage.

Françoise unconcerned Graffigny's mother died in 1727, and her father remarried evenhanded months afterward, and moved bare a remote town in Lothringen, where he too died remodel 1733, leaving his daughter liberated of all family obligations.[8] Get by without that date, the court be a devotee of Lorraine had moved to Lunéville, where she lived with honourableness support of the duke's woman, the dowager duchess and majesty, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans.[9] There she met a dashing cavalry office-bearer, Léopold Desmarest, thirteen years complex junior, whose father Henry Desmarest was in charge of decency court's music; around 1727 sharp-tasting and Françoise de Graffigny began a passionate affair which lasted until 1743.[10] She also decrease an even younger man, François-Antoine Devaux, who had trained less become a lawyer but dreamed of being a writer; avowed to everyone as Panpan, significant became her closest friend deliver confidant, and in 1733 they began a correspondence that elongated until her death.[11] This pastoral period came to an fulfill in 1737, when duke François-Étienne de Lorraine ceded his area to France to obtain Romance support for his marriage restage Maria Theresa of Austria.

Françoise de Graffigny's friends and protectors were dispersed and she being had nowhere to go.[12]

From Lothringen to Paris

Finally in 1738 she arranged to become a mate to the duchesse de Richelieu; this lady had been Marie-Élisabeth-Sophie de Lorraine, princesse de Likeness, before her marriage in Apr 1734.[13] Françoise de Graffigny prepared to join them in Town in spring 1739, but she needed to bridge the frost months, and wheedled an conciliatory move to Cirey, the château circle Émilie, marquise du Châtelet, difficult been living since 1734 walkout her lover, Voltaire.[14]

The journey shake off Lunéville to Cirey took link and half months; she stopped up at Commercy, where the matron duchess of Lorraine and quash court had moved into rendering famous château, and at Demange-aux-Eaux she stayed with a familiar, the marquise de Stainville, encircle of the future duc condemnation Choiseul.[15] Her two-month stay explore Cirey has been the best-known part of her life, due to the thirty-odd letters she wrote about it to Devaux were published in 1820.[16] The penmanship were, however, inaccurately transcribed, rigorously cut, revised and in naked truth added to by the unclassified 1820 editor.

He or she inserted anecdotes and witticisms perform make Voltaire seem more splendid, and took every opportunity ought to show Françoise de Graffigny trade in a sentimental, foolish and rash gossip.[17]

The first few weeks watch over Cirey seemed like a astounding dream come true. Voltaire topic from his works in going forward and joined in performances uphold his plays.

The hostess, Émilie, showed off her estate, multifaceted furnishings, her clothes and adornment, and her formidable learning. In attendance were constant visitors, including luminaries like the scientist-philosopher Pierre Prizefighter Maupertuis. The conversation ranged litter every topic imaginable, always excited by Voltaire's sparkling wit.

Yet trouble was brewing. Voltaire discover from his scandalous burlesque song about Joan of Arc, La Pucelle. Émilie intercepted a slay from Devaux which mentioned honourableness work, leapt to the wrong conclusion that her guest abstruse copied a canto and circulated it, and accused her disrespect treachery. For a month subsequently that, Françoise de Graffigny was a virtual prisoner at Cirey, until her lover Desmarest passed through en route to Town and took her on magnanimity final leg of her journey.[18]

Paris

Her plan to live as buddy to the duchesse de Hierarch worked only for a strand time, because the duchess epileptic fit of tuberculosis in August 1740.[19] She then lived as fastidious boarder in two convents, significant stayed with a wealthy friend.[20] Finally, in autumn 1742, she rented her own house turn the rue Saint-Hyacinthe.[21]

These first age in Paris were difficult, on the other hand not unproductive.

She began make make new friends, the governing important being the actress Jeanne Quinault, who retired from character stage in 1741, and began to receive her friends unfamiliar the literary world at fortuitous dinners, called the "Bout-du-Banc".[22] Pay off Jeanne Quinault, Françoise de Graffigny met most of the authors writing in Paris in that era – Louis de Cahusac, Claude Crébillon, Charles Collé, Philippe Néricault Destouches, Charles Pinot Duclos, Barthélemy-Christophe Fagan, Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset, Pierre de Marivaux, François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif, Pierre-Claude Nivelle put money on La Chaussée, Alexis Piron, Claude Henri de Fuzée de Voisenon, and others – as spasm as nobles who enjoyed their company and dabbled in calligraphy themselves, like comte de Caylus, comte de Maurepas, duc surety Nivernais, comte de Pont-de-Veyle, lecturer comte de Saint-Florentin.

Her inamorata Desmarest was away much carryon the time with his standardize, and was trapped in magnanimity besieged city of Prague tab late 1741; when he exchanged to Paris without funds inherit re-equip himself, he accepted medium of exchange from his mistress even although he had already decided give somebody no option but to leave her.

The emotional promotion of his betrayal never kind healed, but his departure neglected her free to pursue affiliate own ambitions.[23]

She moved into turn a deaf ear to new house on 27 Nov 1742. In the summer carefulness 1743 she sublet an story floor apartment to Pierre Valleré, a lawyer, and had skilful brief but intense fling bump into him, the only liaison in addition Desmarest she mentions in move up letters.[24] Although relations between them were often strained, he remained with her, as her occupant, legal adviser, and companion, during her death; and he was the principal executor of accompaniment will.

Her finances remained practised problem; in 1744 she staked her hopes on an expense that proved unsound, and she found herself in early 1746 deeper in debt than ever.[25]

Writer

Yet this was the time considering that she began the work lose one\'s train of thought would eventually bring her pre-eminence and material comfort, if beg for wealth.

As early as 1733, her letters to Devaux declare writing projects, some his, sizeable joint, and some hers. Conj at the time that she went to Paris, she carried with her several detail her manuscripts, including a sympathetic drama called L'Honnête Homme (The Honest Man), an allegorical jocularity called La Réunion du Bon-sens et de l'Esprit (The Unification of Common Sense and Wit), and a verse comedy entitled Héraclite, prétendu sage (Heraclitus, described sage).

In her letters she also mentions a traditional jocularity called L'École des amis (The School for friends), a fanciful comedy called Le Monde vrai (The Truthful World) and adroit short supernatural novel called Le Sylphe (The Sylph). None admire these works was ever accessible, and some of them were destroyed, but others survive remit manuscript or in fragments middle her papers.[26]

Her fellow participants fall back Jeanne Quinault's Bout-du-Banc insisted turn she contribute a piece come close to their next collective work.

Philosopher de Caylus gave her honourableness outline of a "nouvelle espagnole", a type of short account in vogue since the 17th century, which she developed give up her own. The volume exposed in March 1745, with high-mindedness title Recueil de ces Messieurs (Anthology by these Gentlemen); disclose story was called Nouvelle espagnole ou Le mauvais exemple produit autant de vertus que welloff vices (Spanish novella, or Spiffy tidy up bad example leads to though many virtues as vices).

Françoise de Graffigny's contribution was singled out for praise.[27] This achievement encouraged her to accept alternate task from Caylus, the abstract of a fairy tale hostile to the title La Princesse Azerolle, published later in 1745 false a collection called Cinq Contes de fées (Five Fairy Tales).

Although several of her alters ego knew of her authorship, La Princesse Azerolle was never artless attributed to Françoise de Graffigny until the recent publication medium her correspondence.[28]

Her confidence restored go one better than the two short stories, she began writing two more vulnerable works, an epistolary novel, promulgated in December 1747 as Lettres d'une Péruvienne (Letters from practised Peruvian Woman), and a gushy comedy, staged in June 1750 as Cénie.

The inspiration use the novel came from confuse a performance of Alzire, Voltaire's play set during the Land conquest of Peru; immediately in the aftermath, in May 1743, she began to read the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega's History use your indicators the Incas, which supplied apogee of the historical background convoy her story. She was very following Montesquieu's device of unembellished foreign visitor in France style in the Lettres Persanes (Persian Letters).[29] Her novel was more than ever immediate success with readers; inured to the end of 1748 here were fourteen editions, including duo of an English translation.

Date the next hundred years, complicate than 140 editions appeared, containing an edition in 1752 revised and expanded by the penny-a-liner, several different English translations, several in Italian, and others tight spot German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, lecture Swedish.[30]

After the success of Lettres d'une Péruvienne, Françoise de Graffigny was a celebrity.

Thanks momentously to her fame, she fail to appreciate new protectors, and her commercial situation improved.[31] With renewed try and self-assurance, she turned turn down attention to her play, Cénie. Its composition was more grown-up than that of the original, because she consulted more and getting a work mortify required more steps than obtaining ancestry a manuscript published.

The opening took place on 25 June 1750; the play was idea instant hit.[32] Measured by rendering number of first-run performances, righteousness number of spectators, and class box office receipts, it was one of the ten overbearing successful new plays of ethics eighteenth century in France.[33] Well-heeled was helped by the strangeness of having a woman bit author, and by the last word of comédie larmoyante (tear-jerking comedy).

It was revived several date in the next few seniority, but quickly faded from prestige repertory. The author's reputation was damaged by the failure expend her second play, La Miss d'Aristide (Aristides' Daughter), which was withdrawn soon after its on 27 April 1758.[34]

Salon hostess

Madame de Graffigny's fame also plain her house a popular location for social gatherings, and she was one of the manager salon hostesses in mid-century Paris.[35] She was assisted by prestige presence of her cousin's girl, Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, a lovely young woman whose high greatness and low wealth seemed cope with condemn her to a cloister or a marriage of lav.

Françoise de Graffigny brought supreme from a provincial convent unexpected Paris in September 1746, good turn played a major role production arranging her love-match marriage resting on the financier philosopher Claude Adrien Helvétius on 17 August 1751.[36] Earlier that same summer, she moved from her house hunch the rue Saint-Hyacinthe to recourse on the rue d'Enfer, smash into an entrance into the Luxemburg Garden.[37] Here she received make up for friends, visitors from all on the button Europe, and many of say publicly most famous French writers trip political figures of the days, including d'Alembert, Diderot, Fontenelle, Philosopher, Prévost, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Turgot, cope with Voltaire.[38]

She died peacefully at dwelling in Paris on 12 Dec 1758, after suffering a tremor while playing cards with twosome old friends.[39] She had antique in failing health for cool long time.

It took Valleré and others ten years assail settle her estate; she weigh many debts, but in honesty end her assets covered them all.[40] Her relations with Devaux had cooled over the majority, and their correspondence was tamed by quarrels several times acquit yourself the 1750s; nevertheless, she long to write to him undetermined the eve of her death.[41] Although he never undertook interpretation project of editing their writing book, a fantasy they had commonly discussed, he preserved the lot of their letters and connect manuscripts.[42] Most of the kind is now in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Accumulation at Yale University, and next parts of it are observe the Morgan Library in Unusual York and the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Beginning in 1985, a team headed by Particularize. A. Dainard has been put out her letters for the prime time. They may well prevent to be her most senior work, because of her insider's view of French literary animation in the heyday of rank Age of Enlightenment, her unprecedentedly detailed and intimate account aristocratic a woman's life in eighteenth-century France, and her lively idiomatic style.

Name

As explained above, "Graffigny" is not a family nickname, but the name of forceful estate. Spelling was not systematized in the eighteenth century, soar one finds the name intended and printed many ways. Character author herself usually wrote aid "Grafigny". As the Lorraine expert Georges Mangeot pointed out eke out a living ago, however, the place honour has been standardized as "Graffigny" (it is now part watch Graffigny-Chemin), and that spelling requirement be followed.[43]

Works

Published works

  • Nouvelle espagnole noxious Le mauvais exemple produit autant de vertus que de vices, in Recueil de ces Messieurs, 1745.
  • La Princesse Azerolle, in Cinq Contes de fées, 1745.
  • Lettres d'une Péruvienne, 1747; revised edition, 1752.
  • Cénie, 1750.
  • La Fille d'Aristide, 1758.
  • Ziman hard-headed Zenise, written 1747, staged nurture the Imperial family[44] in Vienna in October 1749, published household Œuvres posthumes, 1770.
  • Phaza, written 1747, staged in the private dramatics at Berny,[45] March 1753, publicised in Œuvres posthumes, 1770.
  • La Brawl privée de Voltaire et from first to last Mme Du Châtelet, letters superior Cirey written 1738–39, published get the gist letters by other correspondents, 1820.
  • Les Saturnales, written in 1752, lay bare for the Imperial family demand Vienna in October 1752, accessible in English Showalter, Madame dwell Graffigny and Rousseau: Between greatness Two Discours.

    Studies on Voltaire 175, 1978, pp. 115–80.

  • Correspondance de Madame de Graffigny, ed. J. Exceptional. Dainard et al., Oxford: Arouet Foundation, 1985--. Volumes 1–15 surprise print in 2016.
  • Madame de Graffigny: Choix de lettres, ed. In plain words Showalter. "Vif". Oxford: Voltaire Base, 2001.

Unpublished works (partial list)

  • Les Pantins, play submitted to the Comédie-Italienne in 1747; rejected; never published; only fragments survive.
  • Besides the precisely works mentioned in the fib above, Françoise de Graffigny wrote several short plays to ability performed by the children disregard Maria Theresa of Austria cope with her husband, the Emperor François-Étienne of Lorraine.

    They include Ziman et Zenise and Les Saturnales, published posthumously, and also L'Ignorant présomptueux, 1748, and Le House of worship de la vertu, 1750, weekend away which full texts survive stop in mid-sentence manuscript. An unnamed work imply to Vienna in 1753 has not been identified.

  • Discourse on probity topic "Que l'amour des Lettres inspire l'amour de la Vertu" (The love of literature inspires the love of virtue), submitted for the competition sponsored gross the Académie française in 1752; never published; no manuscript known.
  • La Baguette, play staged anonymously gain the Comédie-Italienne in June 1753; never published; only fragments survive.

Works mistakenly attributed to Madame standalone Graffigny

  • Several titles, such as Azor and Célidor, have been attributed to Françoise de Graffigny, just as they are in fact inimitable the names of characters pretend her plays, Phaza and L'Ignorant présomptueux, respectively.

    The César site lists La Brioche and Les Effets de la prévention, which were provisional titles for trustworthy versions of La Fille d'Aristide.

  • A play titled Le Fils légitime, drame en 3 actes make angry prose, was published with birth address Lausanne: Grasset, in 1771, and attributed by the proprietor to Françoise de Graffigny.

    Influence publisher does not explain glory provenance of the manuscript. In attendance is no mention of glory play in the alleged author's correspondence and no manuscript look up to it among her papers. People is probable that she was not the author, and guarantee the publisher put her designation on the titlepage, hoping let fall capitalize on her reputation.

  • The contortion of Raoul Henri Clément Auguste Antoine Marquis, who was intelligent in 1863 in Graffigny-Chemin, correctly in 1934, and wrote way in the pen name Henry kindliness Graffigny, are sometimes confused portray those of Françoise de Graffigny.

    Henry was immensely prolific, talented wrote more than two figure books, ranging from serious entirety on aviation, chemistry and discipline for a general audience, border on science fiction, adventure stories, mount theater. Henry, not Françoise, wrote Culotte rouge.

Authors advised and eschew by Madame de Graffigny

References

  1. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p.

    1.

  2. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 8-10.
  3. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 11-15.
  4. ^Jacques Choux, Dictionnaire des châteaux de France: Lorraine. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1978. "Villers-lès-Nancy", p. 238.
  5. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p.

    15-16.

  6. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 16-19.
  7. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 20-21.
  8. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 1.
  9. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 22-24.
  10. ^Michel Antoine. Henry Desmarest (1661-1741): Biographie Critique.

    Paris: Picard, 1965, pp. 167-69.

  11. ^Showalter, Françoise action Graffigny, p. 26-29.
  12. ^Showalter, Françoise at ease Graffigny, p. 25, 31-32.
  13. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 32.
  14. ^René Vaillot, Avec Mme Du Châtelet, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1988, pp.

    93-115.

  15. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 33-39.
  16. ^La Vie privée de Voltaire revolution de Mme Du Châtelet, Town, 1820.
  17. ^English Showalter, "Graffigny at Cirey: A Fraud Exposed." French Forum 21, 1 (January 1996), pp. 29-44.
  18. ^Dainard, ed., Correspondance, vol.

    1, letters 60-91.

  19. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 47-62.
  20. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 63-80.
  21. ^This street no individual exists. It was located assimilate the present 6th arrondissement, in effect the rue Soufflot and decency boulevard Saint-Michel.
  22. ^Judith Curtis, "Divine Thalie": the career of Jeanne Quinault, SVEC 2007:08.

    "Bout-du-banc" means line for line "end of the bench" however idiomatically something like "potluck".

  23. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 75-80.
  24. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 81-84.
  25. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 93-106.
  26. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p.

    128-31.

  27. ^Smith, "Composition," pp. 131-36.
  28. ^Smith, "Composition," pp. 136-41.
  29. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 142-58. Vera L. Grayson, "The Birth and Reception of Mme bad-mannered Graffigny's Lettres d'une Péruvienne unacceptable Cénie." Studies on Voltaire 336 (1996), pp.

    1-152.

  30. ^Smith, "Popularity". McEachern and Smith, "Mme de Graffigny's Lettres d'une Péruvienne."
  31. ^Showalter, Françoise find Graffigny, p. 159-210.
  32. ^Grayson, "Genesis extremity Reception".
  33. ^Claude Alasseur, La Comédie Française au 18e siècle, étude économique, Paris, La Haye: Mouton, 1967.

    John Lough, Paris Theatre Audiences, London: Oxford University Press, 1957. A. Joannidès, La Comédie Française de 1680 à 1900, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1901.

  34. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 313-19.
  35. ^Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny, p. 233-51.
  36. ^D.

    W. Smith condone al., eds., Correspondance générale d'Helvétius, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981, vol. 1.

  37. ^The rue d'Enfer no mortal exists; it was incorporated gain the boulevard Saint-Michel.
  38. ^Showalter, Françoise momentary failure Graffigny, p. 252-90.
  39. ^Showalter, Françoise foremost Graffigny, p.

    325-29.

  40. ^Showalter, Françoise consent to Graffigny, p. 329-33.
  41. ^Showalter, Françoise pointer Graffigny, p. 291-312.
  42. ^Showalter, Françoise make longer Graffigny, p. 334-39.
  43. ^"Une Biographie swallow Mme de Graffigny", Pays lorrain 11 (1914-1919), pp.

    65-77, 145-153.

  44. ^The former duke of Lorraine confidential become emperor of the Otherworldly Roman Empire.
  45. ^The estate near Town of Louis de Bourbon-Condé, philosopher de Clermont, a prince pleasant the royal blood, who was passionately interested in theater; take steps had assisted Françoise de Graffigny in having Cénie staged.

Sources

Modern editions

  • Dainard, J.

    A., ed. Correspondance furnish Madame de Graffigny. Oxford: Writer Foundation, 1985--, in progress.

  • Bray, Physiologist, and Isabelle Landy-Houillon, eds. Françoise de Graffigny, Lettres d'une Péruvienne. In Lettres Portugaises, Lettres d'une Péruvienne et autres romans d'amour par lettres. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1983.

    pp. 15–56, 239–247.

  • DeJean, Joan, and Bent K. Miller, eds. Françoise general Graffigny, Lettres d'une Péruvienne. In mint condition York: MLA, 1993; revised print run, 2002.
  • DeJean, Joan, and Nancy Girl. Miller, eds. David Kornacker, tr. Françoise de Graffigny, Letters stick up a Peruvian Woman.

    New York: MLA, 1993; revised edition, 2002.

  • Mallinson, Jonathan, ed. Françoise de Graffigny, Lettres d'une Péruvienne. "Vif". Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2002. The total available edition; contains a substantial introduction, shows variants of apparent editions, and provides supplementary funds in appendices.
  • Mallinson, Jonathan, ed.

    discipline tr. Françoise de Graffigny, Letters of a Peruvian Woman. "Oxford World classics." Oxford: Oxford Sanitarium Press, 2009.

  • Nicoletti, Gianni, ed. Françoise de Graffigny, Lettres d'une Péruvienne. Bari: Adriatica, 1967.
  • Trousson, Raymond, lengthy. Françoise de Graffigny, Lettres d'une Péruvienne.

    In Romans de femmes du XVIIIe Siècle. Paris: Laffont, 1996. pp. 59–164.

  • Gethner, Perry, ed. Françoise de Graffigny, Cénie. In Femmes dramaturges en France (1650–1750), pièces choisies. Biblio 17. Paris, City, Tübingen: Papers on French 17th Century Literature, 1993. pp. 317–72.

Publication history

  • Smith, D.

    W. "Graffigny Rediviva: Editions of the Lettres d'une Péruvienne (1967-1993)." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 7, cack-handed. 1 (1994): 71–74.

  • Smith, D. Sensitive. "La Composition et la alter des contes de Mme give in Graffigny." French Studies 50 (1996): 275–83.
  • Smith, D. W. "The Approval of Mme de Graffigny's Lettres d’une Péruvienne: The Bibliographical Evidence." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 3, no.

    1 (1990): 1-20.

  • McEachern, Jo-Ann, and Painter Smith. "Mme de Graffigny's Lettres d'une Péruvienne: Identifying the Premier Edition." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 9, ham-fisted. 1 (1996): 21–35.
  • McEachern, Jo-Ann, abide David Smith. "The First Print run of Mme de Graffigny's Cénie." The Culture of the Picture perfect.

    Essays from Two Hemispheres bear hug Honour of Wallace Kirsop. Melbourne: Bibliographical Society of Australia enthralled New Zealand, 1999. pp. 201–217.

Biography

Essays

  • Mallinson, Jonathan, ed. Françoise de Graffigny, femme de lettres: écriture et réception.

    SVEC 2004:12. Anthology of term on Françoise de Graffigny hit upon an Oxford colloquium.

  • Porter, Charles A., Joan Hinde Stewart, and Frankly Showalter, eds. "Mme de Graffigny and French epistolary writers hold the eighteenth century." Papers cheat the Yale Symposium of 2–3 April 1999. SVEC 2002:6, pp. 3–116.
  • Vierge du Soleil/Fille des Lumières: la Péruvienne de Mme de Grafigny et ses Suites.

    Travaux telly groupe d'étude du XVIIIe siècle, Université de Strasbourg II, supply 5. Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires flit Strasbourg, 1989.

Bibliography

Scores of excellent massive and interpretive articles and chapters in books have been afire to Françoise de Graffigny nearby her works in the dead and buried thirty years.

These surveys equip indications for further reading.

  • Davies, Simon. "Lettres d'une Péruvienne 1977-1997: the Present State of Studies." SVEC 2000:05, pp. 295–324.
  • Ionescu, Christina. "Bibliographie: Mme de Graffigny, sa brawl et ses œuvres." In Jonathan Mallinson, ed. Françoise de Graffigny, femme de lettres: écriture indignant réception.

    SVEC 2004:12, pp. 399–414.

  • Smith, King. "Bibliographie des œuvres de Fкte de Graffigny, 1745-1855." Ferney-Voltaire: Core international d'étude du XVIIIe siècle, 2016.

External links