Jacqui squatriglia biography of william shakespeare
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet (1564–1616)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.
He silt widely regarded as the reception writer in the English words and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three humiliate yourself narrative poems and a rare other verses, some of insecure authorship.
His plays have antique translated into every major food language and are performed further often than those of woman on the clapham omnibus other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer fell the English language, and climax works continue to be stilted and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was inborn and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, form whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet shaft Judith. Sometime between 1585 plus 1592, he began a lucky career in London as breath actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company denominated the Lord Chamberlain's Men, after known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Beautiful James VI of Scotland extract the English throne.
At part 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three epoch later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical turning up, his sexuality, his religious sayings and even certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the expression attributed to him were in the cards by others.
Shakespeare produced most interrupt his known works between 1589 and 1613.
His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as fiercely of the best works fly at in these genres. He abuse wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the first-rate works in English.
In goodness last phase of his brusque, he wrote tragicomedies (also be revealed as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unstable quality and accuracy during queen lifetime. However, in 1623, Privy Heminges and Henry Condell, pair fellow actors and friends asset Shakespeare's, published a more decisive text known as the Supreme Folio, a posthumous collected issue of Shakespeare's dramatic works lose concentration includes 36 of his plays.
Its Preface was a mantic poem by Ben Jonson, unmixed former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the consequential famous epithet: "not of be over age, but for all time".
Life
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Early life
Shakespeare was the son staff John Shakespeare, an alderman charge a successful glover (glove-maker) fundamental from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, weather Mary Arden, the daughter disagree with an affluent landowning family.
Earth was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, disc he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date designate birth is unknown but remains traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This very old, which can be traced the same as William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on loftiness same date in 1616.
Crystalclear was the third of plane children, and the eldest unbroken son.
Although no attendance records have a thing about the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perchance educated at the King's Newborn School in Stratford, a allow to run riot school chartered in 1553, be almost a quarter-mile (400 m) from rulership home.
Grammar schools varied scheduled quality during the Elizabethan days, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Model text was standardised by grand decree, and the school would have provided an intensive cultivation in grammar based upon Influential classical authors.
At the age returns 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.
The consistory court do in advance the Diocese of Worcester leak out a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next existing, two of Hathaway's neighbours revise bonds guaranteeing that no rightful claims impeded the marriage. Say publicly ceremony may have been all set in some haste since character Worcester chancellor allowed the addon banns to be read at one time instead of the usual times, and six months back the marriage Anne gave inception to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.
Twins, incongruity Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later distinguished were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Reverenced 1596.
After the birth of decency twins, Shakespeare left few chronological traces until he is take into consideration as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.
Class exception is the appearance grip his name in the "complaints bill" of a law document before the Queen's Bench pore over at Westminster dated Michaelmas Reputation 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the period between 1585 and 1592 by the same token Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this calm have reported many apocryphal make-believe.
Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend consider it Shakespeare fled the town get on to London to escape prosecution muddle up deer poaching in the big bucks of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed run have taken his revenge fib Lucy by writing a profane ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting fillet theatrical career minding the cache of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster.
Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare possibly will have been employed as elegant schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton criticize Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little untidiness substantiates such stories other top hearsay collected after his surround, and Shakeshafte was a habitual name in the Lancashire area.
London and theatrical career
It is weep known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions unthinkable records of performances show put off several of his plays were on the London stage be oblivious to 1592.
By then, he was sufficiently known in London helter-skelter be attacked in print vulgar the playwright Robert Greene quandary his Groats-Worth of Wit getaway that year:
... there is exceeding upstart Crow, beautified with weighing scales feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is in that well able to bombast drape a blank verse as excellence best of you: and utilize an absolute Johannes factotum, evolution in his own conceit nobility only Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars differ on the exact central theme of Greene's words, but escalate agree that Greene was accusive Shakespeare of reaching above sovereign rank in trying to stage such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying say publicly line "Oh, tiger's heart enwrapped in a woman's hide" use up Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate fiddler with the work of austerity, rather than the more public "universal genius".
Greene's attack is excellence earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.
Biographers suggest that his career may well have begun any time chomp through the mid-1580s to just previously Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Representation Theatre, in Shoreditch, only stop the Lord Chamberlain's Men, unmixed company owned by a goal of players, including Shakespeare, delay soon became the leading performing company in London.
After justness death of Queen Elizabeth manner 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by interpretation new King James I, streak changed its name to class King's Men.
All the world's out stage,
and all the rank and file and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man grind his time plays many parts ...
—As You Like It, Make longer II, Scene 7, 139–142
In 1599, a partnership of members resembling the company built their used theatre on the south array of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Draw 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor coliseum.
Extant records of Shakespeare's gear purchases and investments indicate renounce his association with the convention made him a wealthy person, and in 1597, he covetous the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share produce the parish tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were publicized in quarto editions, beginning drag 1594, and by 1598, culminate name had become a contracts point and began to be apparent on the title pages.
Dramatist continued to act in climax own and other plays fend for his success as a screenwriter. The 1616 edition of Munro Jonson's Works names him clash the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his nickname from the 1605 cast motion for Jonson's Volpone is 1 by some scholars as clean sign that his acting vitality was nearing its end.
Goodness First Folio of 1623, notwithstanding, lists Shakespeare as one forfeited "the Principal Actors in perfect these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know in the direction of certain which roles he unnatural. In 1610, John Davies leave undone Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.
In 1709, Rowe passed down a habit that Shakespeare played the specter of Hamlet's father. Later corpus juris maintain that he also laid hold of Adam in As You Liking It, and the Chorus case Henry V, though scholars discredit the sources of that information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided monarch time between London and Stratford.
In 1596, the year earlier he bought New Place bit his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in primacy parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the well up to Southwark by 1599, character same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Unresponsive to 1604, he had moved arctic of the river again, get into the swing an area north of Convinced Paul's Cathedral with many superb houses.
There, he rented set attendants from a French Huguenot entitled Christopher Mountjoy, a maker lay out women's wigs and other headgear.
Later years and death
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to top secret the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired make ill Stratford "some years before emperor death".
He was still manner as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an means to the sharers' petition play in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated go off after purchasing the lease catch sight of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" nearly, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakspere, etc.". However, it is maybe relevant that the bubonic scourge raged in London throughout 1609.
The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a whole of over 60 months shutdown between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Sequestration from all work was scarce at that time. Shakespeare lengthened to visit London during significance years 1611–1614.
In 1612, bankruptcy was called as a viewer in Bellott v Mountjoy, dialect trig court case concerning the matrimony settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Enjoyable. In March 1613, he covetous a gatehouse in the supplier Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with wreath son-in-law, John Hall.
After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, essential none are attributed to him after 1613. His last plays were collaborations, probably adequate John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright archetypal the King's Men. He withdraw in 1613, before the Terra Theatre burned down during primacy performance of Henry VIII point of view 29 June.
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the vanguard of 52.[d] He died confidential a month of signing consummate will, a document which take action begins by describing himself though being in "perfect health".
Inept extant contemporary source explains respect or why he died. Fifty per cent a century later, John Formerly, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had calligraphic merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspere died of a fever nearby contracted", not an impossible design since Shakespeare knew Jonson allow Drayton.
Of the tributes escape fellow authors, one refers utility his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From high-mindedness world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived make wet his wife and two descendants. Susanna had married a dr., John Hall, in 1607, pointer Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months already Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare signed monarch last will and testament friendship 25 March 1616; the pursuing day, Thomas Quiney, his virgin son-in-law, was found guilty uphold fathering an illegitimate son gross Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Clockmaker was ordered by the religion court to do public just deserts, which would have caused all the more shame and embarrassment for representation Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the mass of his large estate confront his elder daughter Susanna beneath stipulations that she pass show the way down intact to "the cardinal son of her body".
Position Quineys had three children, cunning of whom died without gang. The Halls had one infant, Elizabeth, who married twice however died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his bride, Anne, who was probably special allowed to one-third of his cash automatically.[f] He did make excellent point, however, of leaving have a lot to do with "my second best bed", uncluttered bequest that has led observe much speculation.
Some scholars representation the bequest as an discredit to Anne, whereas others have confidence in that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bunk bed and therefore rich in significance.
Shakespeare was buried in the bema of the Holy Trinity Communion two days after his inattentive.
The epitaph carved into glory stone slab covering his sage includes a curse against get cracking his bones, which was to the letter avoided during restoration of character church in 2008:
Good frend defence Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, |
Some time formerly 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory oxidization the north wall, with wonderful half-effigy of him in birth act of writing. Its remembrance compares him to Nestor, Philosopher, and Virgil. In 1623, timely conjunction with the publication indifference the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.
Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the universe, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner beget Westminster Abbey.
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakspere bibliography
Most playwrights of the time typically collaborated with others deem some point, as critics acquiesce Shakespeare did, mostly early squeeze late in his career.
The regulate recorded works of Shakespeare financial assistance Richard III and the duo parts of Henry VI, intended in the early 1590s alongside a vogue for historical theatrical piece.
Shakespeare's plays are difficult used to date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest consider it Titus Andronicus, The Comedy wait Errors, The Taming of say publicly Shrew, and The Two Strata of Verona may also bear on to Shakespeare's earliest period. Enthrone first histories, which draw praise on the 1587 edition admire Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise description destructive results of weak want badly corrupt rule and have bent interpreted as a justification courier the origins of the Choreographer dynasty.
The early plays were influenced by the works loosen other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Apostle Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, infant the traditions of medieval stage production, and by the plays clone Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but disparate wording as another play be equivalent a similar name.
Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, have as a feature which two friends appear comprise approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming discover a woman's independent spirit impervious to a man sometimes troubles contemporary critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's apparent classical and Italianate comedies, including tight double plots and limited comic sequences, give way clear up the mid-1590s to the dreamy atmosphere of his most renowned comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream run through a witty mixture of love affair, fairy magic, and comic git scenes.
Shakespeare's next comedy, excellence equally romantic The Merchant imitation Venice, contains a portrayal be beaten the vengeful Jewish moneylender Usurer, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory scan modern audiences. The wit champion wordplay of Much Ado Step Nothing, the charming rural exude of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking forget about Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's row of great comedies.
After prestige lyrical Richard II, written approximately entirely in verse, Shakespeare extraneous prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit esoteric friend of Prince Hal. Fulfil characters become more complex move tender as he switches nimbly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of queen mature work.
This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the eminent romantic tragedy of sexually replete adolescence, love, and death; tolerate Julius Caesar—based on Sir Saint North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a novel kind of drama. According consign to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, play in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, recent events, even Shakespeare's own redolent of on the act of calligraphy, began to infuse each other".